Drop-in Hydrogen Fueling (2014) - Revision history

Jian: /* Storage */

2015-03-02T04:14:37Z

Storage

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:14, 2 March 2015
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	In order to successfully fill an automobile’s fuel tank to full capacity, a minimum tank pressure of 70Mpa is required. Therefore the following equation was solved to determine the capacity of the tank:		In order to successfully fill an automobile’s fuel tank to full capacity, a minimum tank pressure of 70Mpa is required. Therefore the following equation was solved to determine the capacity of the tank:
	Where M is the total gravimetric capacity of the storage tank, is the gravimetric density of hydrogen gas at the specified storage conditions of 100MPa and -70˚C, and is the gravimetric storage capacity at 70MPa and -70˚C. The density was calculated using the Peng-Robinson Equation of State ~~[4]~~. M was determined to be 1568.25kg, and the corresponding minimum volume was found to be 25m3.		Where M is the total gravimetric capacity of the storage tank, is the gravimetric density of hydrogen gas at the specified storage conditions of 100MPa and -70˚C, and is the gravimetric storage capacity at 70MPa and -70˚C. The density was calculated using the Peng-Robinson Equation of State. M was determined to be 1568.25kg, and the corresponding minimum volume was found to be 25m3.

	One safety concern was loss of temperature control of the storage tank, and the resulting over pressurization of the storage tank. To accommodate this, a safety factor in the volume of the tank was designed, so the final volume was 26.5m3.		One safety concern was loss of temperature control of the storage tank, and the resulting over pressurization of the storage tank. To accommodate this, a safety factor in the volume of the tank was designed, so the final volume was 26.5m3.

Jian: /* References */

2015-03-02T04:14:01Z

References

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Jian: /* Emission Analysis */

2015-03-02T04:10:26Z

Emission Analysis

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	The DoE analysis was performed to include estimates for downstream energy costs at the hydrogen fueling station. Their final calculated values can be seen in Table 5, and significant discrepancies between their analysis and our design plan are detailed below.		The DoE analysis was performed to include estimates for downstream energy costs at the hydrogen fueling station. Their final calculated values can be seen in Table 5, and significant discrepancies between their analysis and our design plan are detailed below.

	Table 5 ~~[28]~~. Well to Wheels Energy and Greenhouse Gas (GEG) Data		Table 5 (US Department of Energy). Well to Wheels Energy and Greenhouse Gas (GEG) Data

	[[File:Table7.PNG]]		[[File:Table7.PNG]]

Jian: /* Permitting */

2015-03-02T04:09:57Z

Permitting

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	=== Permitting ===		=== Permitting ===

	Commercial construction requires adherence to the building permit checklist produced by the Buildings & Safety Engineering Department (BSED) of Detroit, MI. First, the design must meet zoning ~~[26]~~ and construction codes (Building, Residential, Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing, and Uniform Energy codes). A Building Permit Application, which includes the project location and description, property legal description and owner information, our personal information, and notarized signatures of both our organization and the owner, must be prepared and submitted. The major sections of the construction document are the site plan, architectural plan, plumbing and mechanical plan, electrical plan, and structural and detail drawings.		Commercial construction requires adherence to the building permit checklist produced by the Buildings & Safety Engineering Department (BSED) of Detroit, MI. First, the design must meet zoning (Detroitmi.gov) and construction codes (Building, Residential, Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing, and Uniform Energy codes). A Building Permit Application, which includes the project location and description, property legal description and owner information, our personal information, and notarized signatures of both our organization and the owner, must be prepared and submitted. The major sections of the construction document are the site plan, architectural plan, plumbing and mechanical plan, electrical plan, and structural and detail drawings.

	==== Site Plan====		==== Site Plan====

Jian: /* Consumer Interface and Education */

2015-03-02T04:09:21Z

Consumer Interface and Education

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	== Consumer Interface and Education==		== Consumer Interface and Education==

	The hydrogen fuel dispenser is not a novel apparatus; in fact many companies have developed their own hydrogen dispensers to be used specifically in hydrogen fueling stations such as the one designed and proposed in this report (Figure 7-1). These dispensers have been designed to mimic the conventional consumer experience at the “gas station” as closely as possible in order to maximize consumer comfort in incorporating the new technology and minimize a possible “learning ~~curve~~.~~” [32]~~		The hydrogen fuel dispenser is not a novel apparatus; in fact many companies have developed their own hydrogen dispensers to be used specifically in hydrogen fueling stations such as the one designed and proposed in this report (Figure 7-1). These dispensers have been designed to mimic the conventional consumer experience at the “gas station” as closely as possible in order to maximize consumer comfort in incorporating the new technology and minimize a possible “learning curve” (Airproducts.com).

	=== Fuel Dispenser Visual Interface===		=== Fuel Dispenser Visual Interface===
	In view of these efforts, however, certain aspects of the consumer experience at the hydrogen fueling pump will be intrinsically different as a result of the nature of hydrogen fuel. Firstly, it is the industry standard that hydrogen fuel loaded be reported on fueling apparatuses in kilograms and its price in dollars per kilogram; having the units be the conventional gallons and dollars per gallon as seen with gas stations would not only burden suppliers but also consumers. Furthermore it is of importance to note that the hydrogen fueling pump is a closed process – specifically, the dispensing nozzle needs to be attached to the consumer vehicle in a matter which is not open to the atmosphere and meets a long list of standardized requirements, unlike its “gas station” counterpart. ~~[33]~~		In view of these efforts, however, certain aspects of the consumer experience at the hydrogen fueling pump will be intrinsically different as a result of the nature of hydrogen fuel. Firstly, it is the industry standard that hydrogen fuel loaded be reported on fueling apparatuses in kilograms and its price in dollars per kilogram; having the units be the conventional gallons and dollars per gallon as seen with gas stations would not only burden suppliers but also consumers. Furthermore it is of importance to note that the hydrogen fueling pump is a closed process – specifically, the dispensing nozzle needs to be attached to the consumer vehicle in a matter which is not open to the atmosphere and meets a long list of standardized requirements, unlike its “gas station” counterpart (Sae.org).

	[[File:Fig7-1.png]]		[[File:Fig7-1.png]]

Jian: /* Noise Analysis */

2015-03-02T04:08:09Z

Noise Analysis

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	The major sources of noise produced by this process are the compressor, the HVAC unit, and the expansion valves in the dispenser unit.		The major sources of noise produced by this process are the compressor, the HVAC unit, and the expansion valves in the dispenser unit.

	Of these three pieces of equipment, the compressor is the loudest, with a high-end estimate of 95dB at a distance of 1 meter from the equipment. A high-end estimate for the sound output of an industrial strength cooling unit is 70dB ~~[29]~~. Adding these two sound signals together results in a total output of 95.04dB. This justifies neglecting all sound output relative to the compressor.		Of these three pieces of equipment, the compressor is the loudest, with a high-end estimate of 95dB at a distance of 1 meter from the equipment. A high-end estimate for the sound output of an industrial strength cooling unit is 70dB (Airconco.com). Adding these two sound signals together results in a total output of 95.04dB. This justifies neglecting all sound output relative to the compressor.

	Because sound energy dissipates proportional to the distance from the source cubed, and other safety requirements require a minimum of 8 meters separation between users and the sound source, no users are in immediate danger. A rule of thumb for calculating sound reduction is that sound reduces by 6dB per doubling of distance between the source and observer. Therefore, at 8 meters, the sound of the compressor would be reduced to 77dB ~~[30]~~, which is well below safety limits for long-term exposure ~~[29]~~.		Because sound energy dissipates proportional to the distance from the source cubed, and other safety requirements require a minimum of 8 meters separation between users and the sound source, no users are in immediate danger. A rule of thumb for calculating sound reduction is that sound reduces by 6dB per doubling of distance between the source and observer. Therefore, at 8 meters, the sound of the compressor would be reduced to 77dB (Sengpielaudio.com), which is well below safety limits for long-term exposure (Airconco.com).

	To further reduce noise for the benefit of neighbors to the process, a low cost sound containment wall that will reduce the noise output by 20dB across the 2” barrier can be purchased for under $1000 ~~[31]~~.		To further reduce noise for the benefit of neighbors to the process, a low cost sound containment wall that will reduce the noise output by 20dB across the 2” barrier can be purchased for under $1000 (Zoro.com).

	Therefore, with appropriate sound containment equipment installed, noise pollution is not anticipated to be a concern.		Therefore, with appropriate sound containment equipment installed, noise pollution is not anticipated to be a concern.

Jian: /* Maintenance */

2015-03-02T04:06:26Z

Maintenance

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:06, 2 March 2015
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	===Maintenance===		===Maintenance===

	Due to the lack of on-site personnel, active preventative maintenance will be crucial to ensure safe operations. Since there are strict flammability concerns, the facility grounds must be free of debris, weeds, and other rubbish ~~[27]~~. If there is grass near the site, it must be regularly cut to prevent the accumulation of rotting grass, which is capable of self-ignition. In terms of process safety, the flexible fueling hoses appear to be the most probable hazard1. Therefore, preventative maintenance in this area will require high scrutiny. Based on initial studies done prior to establishing hydrogen fueling stations in Europe, a sample maintenance plan can be seen in Table 1 (HyApproval WP2, 2008).		Due to the lack of on-site personnel, active preventative maintenance will be crucial to ensure safe operations. Since there are strict flammability concerns, the facility grounds must be free of debris, weeds, and other rubbish (HyApproval WP2, 2008). If there is grass near the site, it must be regularly cut to prevent the accumulation of rotting grass, which is capable of self-ignition. In terms of process safety, the flexible fueling hoses appear to be the most probable hazard1. Therefore, preventative maintenance in this area will require high scrutiny. Based on initial studies done prior to establishing hydrogen fueling stations in Europe, a sample maintenance plan can be seen in Table 1 (HyApproval WP2, 2008).

	Table 1: Proposed Maintenance Plan for High Pressure Fueling Station		Table 1: Proposed Maintenance Plan for High Pressure Fueling Station

Jian: /* Maintenance */

2015-03-02T04:06:17Z

Maintenance

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:06, 2 March 2015
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	===Maintenance===		===Maintenance===

	Due to the lack of on-site personnel, active preventative maintenance will be crucial to ensure safe operations. Since there are strict flammability concerns, the facility grounds must be free of debris, weeds, and other rubbish [27]. If there is grass near the site, it must be regularly cut to prevent the accumulation of rotting grass, which is capable of self-ignition. In terms of process safety, the flexible fueling hoses appear to be the most probable hazard1. Therefore, preventative maintenance in this area will require high scrutiny. Based on initial studies done prior to establishing hydrogen fueling stations in Europe, a sample maintenance plan can be seen in Table 1 ~~[27]~~.		Due to the lack of on-site personnel, active preventative maintenance will be crucial to ensure safe operations. Since there are strict flammability concerns, the facility grounds must be free of debris, weeds, and other rubbish [27]. If there is grass near the site, it must be regularly cut to prevent the accumulation of rotting grass, which is capable of self-ignition. In terms of process safety, the flexible fueling hoses appear to be the most probable hazard1. Therefore, preventative maintenance in this area will require high scrutiny. Based on initial studies done prior to establishing hydrogen fueling stations in Europe, a sample maintenance plan can be seen in Table 1 (HyApproval WP2, 2008).

	Table 1: Proposed Maintenance Plan for High Pressure Fueling Station		Table 1: Proposed Maintenance Plan for High Pressure Fueling Station
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	[[File:Table3.png]]		[[File:Table3.png]]

	Because the high pressure compressors are the main wear pieces in the fueling process, great care needs to be taken. The contents of the stated overhaul modes are shown in Table 2 ~~[27]~~.		Because the high pressure compressors are the main wear pieces in the fueling process, great care needs to be taken. The contents of the stated overhaul modes are shown in Table 2 (HyApproval WP2, 2008).

	Table 2: Inspection Plans for Dispensing Compressors		Table 2: Inspection Plans for Dispensing Compressors

Jian: /* Operations */

2015-03-02T04:06:01Z

Operations

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	===Operations===		===Operations===

	At this stage of the design process, specifics about the operation of individual process equipment are unnecessary. However, the general plan for training the remote operator is critical. Technical training concerning the potential hazards of hydrogen, safety regulations, and emergency procedures is necessary ~~[27]~~. Once specific vendors are selected, detailed operating instructions will be provided based on the operating manual and industry best practices.		At this stage of the design process, specifics about the operation of individual process equipment are unnecessary. However, the general plan for training the remote operator is critical. Technical training concerning the potential hazards of hydrogen, safety regulations, and emergency procedures is necessary (HyApproval WP2, 2008). Once specific vendors are selected, detailed operating instructions will be provided based on the operating manual and industry best practices.

	===Maintenance===		===Maintenance===

Jian: /* Detroit, Michigan */

2015-03-02T04:05:18Z

Detroit, Michigan

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:05, 2 March 2015
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	==== Detroit, Michigan====		==== Detroit, Michigan====

	Following the rules outlined in the general section, the site chosen was 2580 S Schaefer Highway in Detroit, Michigan. This lot is fairly large, 280x100 ft., and has the hookups available to support a car wash and/or oil change center (therefore, water and electricity systems can be used here). The initial capital investment here is substantial at ~$80,000, but insignificant compared to the total cost incurred from the compressors and the high pressure storage tanks. An idea of the surrounding area can be seen in the snapshot below ~~[25]~~.		Following the rules outlined in the general section, the site chosen was 2580 S Schaefer Highway in Detroit, Michigan. This lot is fairly large, 280x100 ft., and has the hookups available to support a car wash and/or oil change center (therefore, water and electricity systems can be used here). The initial capital investment here is substantial at ~$80,000, but insignificant compared to the total cost incurred from the compressors and the high pressure storage tanks. An idea of the surrounding area can be seen in the snapshot below (Trulia.com).

	[[File:Fig5-1.png]]		[[File:Fig5-1.png]]