Environmental concerns - Revision history

Pdtravan: /* Social */

2016-02-21T22:38:40Z

Social

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:38, 21 February 2016
Line 58:		Line 58:
	Process designers can address these challenges by catering wastewater treatment infrastructure to the needs of the society, taking into account the level of urbanization and population growth trends (Giovanni et al, 2012). These two factors continually strain the environment and clean water supply, putting many at risk of only having access to poorly sanitized drinking water. While well developed countries may benefit from fully centralized wastewater treatment systems, developing countries might require a more decentralized approach to cater to the spread of the population and to increase accessibility to treatment plants.		Process designers can address these challenges by catering wastewater treatment infrastructure to the needs of the society, taking into account the level of urbanization and population growth trends (Giovanni et al, 2012). These two factors continually strain the environment and clean water supply, putting many at risk of only having access to poorly sanitized drinking water. While well developed countries may benefit from fully centralized wastewater treatment systems, developing countries might require a more decentralized approach to cater to the spread of the population and to increase accessibility to treatment plants.

	[[File:decentralized_flowsheet.png\|frame\|center\|~~500x500px~~\| '''Figure 3:''' Decentralized Systems Can Accommodate Wastewater Management Needs in Developing Areas. Figure from Massoud, et al. 2009]]		[[File:decentralized_flowsheet.png\|frame\|center\|400x400px\| '''Figure 3:''' Decentralized Systems Can Accommodate Wastewater Management Needs in Developing Areas. Figure from Massoud, et al. 2009]]

	==Economic==		==Economic==

Pdtravan: /* Human Health */

2016-02-21T22:38:20Z

Human Health

@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 Process designers can gain access to information about waste and effluent streams that are made in their plants, and can assess the dangers of the components in these streams according to EPA regulations as well as regulations within the local/ state community. The composition of these streams and the levels of particulate matter can be controlled by adding proper air filtration or wastewater treatment methods as described in the Treatment sections below. Although different locations may have different standards for pollutants, it is important to keep in mind that the plants and animals in these areas generally react to toxins in the same manner. Process designers are responsible for the ethical concerns that arise if standards are lowered and populations surrounding a plant are exposed to toxic levels of pollution, and should be mindful of these overarching safety concerns regardless of plant location. Below is a list of some chemical pollutants that might be of concern to process designers and their LD50.
-Lead	        450 mg/kg (human)
+[[File:toxinstable.png|frame|center|300x300px| '''Table 1:''' Chemical Pollutants and Their LD50]]
 ==Social==

Pdtravan: /* Human Health */

2016-02-21T18:47:24Z

Human Health

@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 The body may excrete ingested toxins, however the path to excretion may suffer damages as well. A study of the physiological effects of the metals lead, arsenic, and cadmium showed adverse effects on the kidney where blood is filtered into urine.  Metal deposition severely disrupts kidney function, as certain proteins and other molecules will bind to them and suffer a loss of function (Madden and Fowler, 2000).
-Process designers can gain access to information about waste and effluent streams that are made in their plants, and can assess the dangers of the components in these streams according to EPA regulations as well as regulations within the local/ state community. The composition of these streams and the levels of particulate matter can be controlled by adding proper air filtration or wastewater treatment methods as described in the Treatment sections below. Although different locations may have different standards for pollutants, it is important to keep in mind that the plants and animals in these areas generally react to toxins in the same manner. Process designers are responsible for the ethical concerns that arise if standards are lowered and populations surrounding a plant are exposed to toxic levels of pollution, and should be mindful of these overarching safety concerns regardless of plant location.
+Process designers can gain access to information about waste and effluent streams that are made in their plants, and can assess the dangers of the components in these streams according to EPA regulations as well as regulations within the local/ state community. The composition of these streams and the levels of particulate matter can be controlled by adding proper air filtration or wastewater treatment methods as described in the Treatment sections below. Although different locations may have different standards for pollutants, it is important to keep in mind that the plants and animals in these areas generally react to toxins in the same manner. Process designers are responsible for the ethical concerns that arise if standards are lowered and populations surrounding a plant are exposed to toxic levels of pollution, and should be mindful of these overarching safety concerns regardless of plant location. Below is a list of some chemical pollutants that might be of concern to process designers and their LD50.
 ==Social==

Pdtravan at 18:39, 21 February 2016

2016-02-21T18:39:14Z

Show changes

Pdtravan: /* Economic */

2016-02-21T18:36:38Z

Economic

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:36, 21 February 2016
Line 69:		Line 69:
	By designing integrated systems that are appropriately sized for the population that they serve, the efficiency and efficacy of wastewater treatment can be greatly improved (Bieker et al, 2010). The figure below outlines a possible schematic for a semicentralized system whereby preliminary sorting occurs on a house-by-house basis, and larger local service plants perform the final large-scale treatments. The authors of this proposed scheme suggest that semicentralized systems such as this one not only provide increased breadth in treatment capabilities across populations, but also decreases energy and clean water usage by servicing local populations based on their needs and consumption.		By designing integrated systems that are appropriately sized for the population that they serve, the efficiency and efficacy of wastewater treatment can be greatly improved (Bieker et al, 2010). The figure below outlines a possible schematic for a semicentralized system whereby preliminary sorting occurs on a house-by-house basis, and larger local service plants perform the final large-scale treatments. The authors of this proposed scheme suggest that semicentralized systems such as this one not only provide increased breadth in treatment capabilities across populations, but also decreases energy and clean water usage by servicing local populations based on their needs and consumption.

	[[File:bieker.png\|center\|Figure from Bieker, et al. 2010]]		[[File:bieker.png\|frame\|center\|500x500px\| '''Figure 4:''' Semicentralized Wastewater Management Scheme. Figure from Bieker, et al. 2010]]

			The EPA has provided estimates for the annual cost and operational costs of potential wastewater management systems for a rural community of approximately 450 people. Smaller communities are hypothesized to benefit most from decentralized systems, and their study confirmed that this is so. To fund a centralized system, the annual cost would be approximately $216,850- $342,500 with an additional average operational cost of $35,000. The total capital cost of a centralized system can span from $2.3M to $3.8M. Decentralized small cluster or on-site systems, on the other hand, yield a capital cost estimate of $510,000 with very low operational and annual costs. This analysis is specific to the hypothetical rural area that they assumed, but illustrates the possibility of dramatically decreasing costs when the treatment system is tuned to the local community (Bieker et al, 2010).

	=Types of Pollution and Treatment=		=Types of Pollution and Treatment=

Pdtravan: /* Social */

2016-02-21T00:19:56Z

Social

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:19, 21 February 2016
Line 56:		Line 56:
	Process designers can address these challenges by catering wastewater treatment infrastructure to the needs of the society, taking into account the level of urbanization and population growth trends (Giovanni et al, 2012). These two factors continually strain the environment and clean water supply, putting many at risk of only having access to poorly sanitized drinking water. While well developed countries may benefit from fully centralized wastewater treatment systems, developing countries might require a more decentralized approach to cater to the spread of the population and to increase accessibility to treatment plants.		Process designers can address these challenges by catering wastewater treatment infrastructure to the needs of the society, taking into account the level of urbanization and population growth trends (Giovanni et al, 2012). These two factors continually strain the environment and clean water supply, putting many at risk of only having access to poorly sanitized drinking water. While well developed countries may benefit from fully centralized wastewater treatment systems, developing countries might require a more decentralized approach to cater to the spread of the population and to increase accessibility to treatment plants.

	[[File:decentralized_flowsheet.png\|frame\|center\|~~600x600px~~\| '''Figure 3:''' Decentralized Systems Can Accommodate Wastewater Management Needs in Developing Areas. Figure from Massoud, et al. 2009]]		[[File:decentralized_flowsheet.png\|frame\|center\|500x500px\| '''Figure 3:''' Decentralized Systems Can Accommodate Wastewater Management Needs in Developing Areas. Figure from Massoud, et al. 2009]]

	==Economic==		==Economic==

Pdtravan: /* Social */

2016-02-21T00:19:35Z

Social

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:19, 21 February 2016
Line 56:		Line 56:
	Process designers can address these challenges by catering wastewater treatment infrastructure to the needs of the society, taking into account the level of urbanization and population growth trends (Giovanni et al, 2012). These two factors continually strain the environment and clean water supply, putting many at risk of only having access to poorly sanitized drinking water. While well developed countries may benefit from fully centralized wastewater treatment systems, developing countries might require a more decentralized approach to cater to the spread of the population and to increase accessibility to treatment plants.		Process designers can address these challenges by catering wastewater treatment infrastructure to the needs of the society, taking into account the level of urbanization and population growth trends (Giovanni et al, 2012). These two factors continually strain the environment and clean water supply, putting many at risk of only having access to poorly sanitized drinking water. While well developed countries may benefit from fully centralized wastewater treatment systems, developing countries might require a more decentralized approach to cater to the spread of the population and to increase accessibility to treatment plants.

	[[File:decentralized_flowsheet.png\|center\|Figure from Massoud, et al. 2009]]		[[File:decentralized_flowsheet.png\|frame\|center\|600x600px\| '''Figure 3:''' Decentralized Systems Can Accommodate Wastewater Management Needs in Developing Areas. Figure from Massoud, et al. 2009]]

	==Economic==		==Economic==

Pdtravan at 16:31, 20 February 2016

2016-02-20T16:31:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:31, 20 February 2016
Line 1:		Line 1:
	<br>		<br>

	Authors: Sean Cabaniss,<sup> [2014] </sup> David Park,<sup> [2014] </sup> Maxim Slivinsky,<sup> [2014] </sup> Julianne Wagoner,<sup> [2014] </sup> ~~and~~ Michelle Spiezio<sup> [2015] </sup>		Authors: Sean Cabaniss,<sup> [2014] </sup> David Park,<sup> [2014] </sup> Maxim Slivinsky,<sup> [2014] </sup> Julianne Wagoner,<sup> [2014] </sup> Michelle Spiezio<sup> [2015] </sup>, Pear Dhiantravan<sup> [2016] <sup>

	Steward: David Chen, Jian Gong, and Fengqi You		Steward: David Chen, Jian Gong, and Fengqi You

Pdtravan: /* References */

2016-02-20T16:30:22Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:30, 20 February 2016
Line 266:		Line 266:
	EPA Website "Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)" http://www.epa.gov/agriculture/lrca.html		EPA Website "Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)" http://www.epa.gov/agriculture/lrca.html

	Robert Becker, Volatile Organic Compound Abatement, Environex, January 1994.		Robert Becker, Volatile Organic Compound Abatement, Environex, January 1994.

			M. Kampa and E. Castanas, Human Health Effects of Air Pollution http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749107002849

			E. F. Madden and B. A. Fowler, Mechanisms of Nephrotoxicity from Metal Combinations: A Review http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1081/DCT-100100098?journalCode=idct20

			Lin and Pan, et. al, China’s international trade and air pollution in the United States http://www.pnas.org/content/111/5/1736.short

			A. M. Jardim, et. al, Economics of Wastewater Treatment: cost-effectiveness, social gains and economic status http://businessperspectives.org/journals_free/ee/2012/ee_2012_03_Junior.pdf

			S. Bieker, P. Cornel, M. Wagner, Semicentralised supply and treatment systems: integrated infrastructure solutions for fast growing urban areas Water Sci. Technol., 61 (2010), pp. 2905–2913
			http://wst.iwaponline.com/content/ppiwawst/61/11/2905.full.pdf

			L. Giovanni, Annamaria Volpi Ghirardini, Francesco Avezzù, To centralise or to decentralise: An overview of the most recent trends in wastewater treatment management, Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 94, Issue 1, February 2012, Pages 61-68, ISSN 0301-4797. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479711002751

Pdtravan: /* Economic */

2016-02-20T16:29:10Z

Economic

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:29, 20 February 2016
Line 65:		Line 65:
	In the long run, it can often be in a company's best interest to take environmental factors into consideration. Optimizing a process, to reduce waste, results in less money that needs to be spent on waste disposal. Additionally, using recycle streams effectively may reduce the cost of the inputs to the process. Finally, if a process is designed in such a way (Seider 2004).		In the long run, it can often be in a company's best interest to take environmental factors into consideration. Optimizing a process, to reduce waste, results in less money that needs to be spent on waste disposal. Additionally, using recycle streams effectively may reduce the cost of the inputs to the process. Finally, if a process is designed in such a way (Seider 2004).

			Fiscal disparities between national governments as well as public socioeconomic status contribute greatly to the gap between their air and water quality standards. There is a clear lack of cohesion in the organization of wastewater collection and treatment in several developing countries (Jardim et. al, 2012). Population growth combined with insufficient infrastructure for waste treatment devolves into an overall inability to maintain, regulate, or motivate air and water quality care. This is an economic issue in its core, with towns and countries unable to obtain the resources necessary to install sufficient regulatory methods. As wastewater treatment is an effort that can most effectively be maintained by the efforts of everybody in a population, fiscal inequalities pose a burden to the efficacy of current infrastructures.

			By designing integrated systems that are appropriately sized for the population that they serve, the efficiency and efficacy of wastewater treatment can be greatly improved (Bieker et al, 2010). The figure below outlines a possible schematic for a semicentralized system whereby preliminary sorting occurs on a house-by-house basis, and larger local service plants perform the final large-scale treatments. The authors of this proposed scheme suggest that semicentralized systems such as this one not only provide increased breadth in treatment capabilities across populations, but also decreases energy and clean water usage by servicing local populations based on their needs and consumption.

			[[File:bieker.png\|center\|Figure from Bieker, et al. 2010]]

	=Types of Pollution and Treatment=		=Types of Pollution and Treatment=