Pressure Vessels - Revision history

Jian: /* References */

2015-03-02T04:20:49Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:20, 2 March 2015
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	=References=		=References=
	:Peters MS, Timmerhaus KD. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2003.
	:Towler G, Sinnott R. Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design. 2nd ed. Boston: Elsevier; 2013.		Peters MS, Timmerhaus KD. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2003.
	:Turton R, Bailie RC, Whiting WB, Shaewitz JA, Bhattacharyya D. Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall; 2012.
			Towler G, Sinnott R. Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design. 2nd ed. Boston: Elsevier; 2013.

			Turton R, Bailie RC, Whiting WB, Shaewitz JA, Bhattacharyya D. Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall; 2012.

Jian: /* References */

2015-02-26T18:59:20Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:59, 26 February 2015
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	=References=		=References=
			:Peters MS, Timmerhaus KD. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2003.
	* Towler, G~~.P. and Sinnot~~, R. ~~(2012). ''~~Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design.'' Elsevier.		:Towler G, Sinnott R. Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design. 2nd ed. Boston: Elsevier; 2013.
			:Turton R, Bailie RC, Whiting WB, Shaewitz JA, Bhattacharyya D. Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall; 2012.
	* Peters, M.S. and Timmerhaus, K.D. (2003). ''Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers, 5th Edition.'' New York: ~~McGraw-Hill.~~

	* Turton R.; Bailie, ~~R.C.;~~ Whiting, ~~W.B.; Shaeiwitz J.A.;~~ Bhattacharyya D. ~~(2012). ''~~Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes.'' Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.

Jian: /* Corrosion Allowances */

2015-02-26T18:58:57Z

Corrosion Allowances

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	Peters, Timmerhaus, and West suggest 0.25 to 0.38mm annually or 3mm for 10 years.		Peters, Timmerhaus, and West suggest 0.25 to 0.38mm annually or 3mm for 10 years.

	Turton et al. suggest a corrosion allowance 8.9 mm (0.35 in) for known corrosive conditions, 3.8 mm (0.15 in) for noncorrosive streams, and 1.5 mm (0.6 in) for stream drums and air receivers.		Turton et al.(2012) suggest a corrosion allowance 8.9 mm (0.35 in) for known corrosive conditions, 3.8 mm (0.15 in) for noncorrosive streams, and 1.5 mm (0.6 in) for stream drums and air receivers.

	In cases where corrosion is negligible over the lifetime of a vessel or does not occur, the vessel can be designed without the corrosion allowance (Towler and Sinnott, 2013).		In cases where corrosion is negligible over the lifetime of a vessel or does not occur, the vessel can be designed without the corrosion allowance (Towler and Sinnott, 2013).

Jian: /* Wall Thickness */

2015-02-26T18:58:37Z

Wall Thickness

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:58, 26 February 2015
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	=Wall Thickness=		=Wall Thickness=
	The required wall thickness of a vessel will depend on many factors, including: the strength of the metal at operating conditions (temperature and pressure), diameter of the tank, and the joint efficiencies. According to Peters, in "Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers," minimum wall thickness, not including corrosion allowances, should not be less than 2.4mm for welded or brazed construction and 4.8mm for riveted construction. Thickness for unfired steam boilers should not be less than 6.35 mm. (Peters and Timmerhaus, 2003) Turton gives heuristics for wall thickness for rigidity based on vessel diameter: 4 mm (0.25 in) for 1.07 m (42 in) diameter and less than 8.1mm (0.32 in) for 1.07-1.52 m (42-60 in) diameter, and 11.7 mm (0.38 mm) for more than 1.52 m (60 in) diameter (Turton).		The required wall thickness of a vessel will depend on many factors, including: the strength of the metal at operating conditions (temperature and pressure), diameter of the tank, and the joint efficiencies. According to Peters, in "Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers," minimum wall thickness, not including corrosion allowances, should not be less than 2.4mm for welded or brazed construction and 4.8mm for riveted construction. Thickness for unfired steam boilers should not be less than 6.35 mm. (Peters and Timmerhaus, 2003) Turton gives heuristics for wall thickness for rigidity based on vessel diameter: 4 mm (0.25 in) for 1.07 m (42 in) diameter and less than 8.1mm (0.32 in) for 1.07-1.52 m (42-60 in) diameter, and 11.7 mm (0.38 mm) for more than 1.52 m (60 in) diameter (Turton et al., 2012).

	ASME BPV Code Section VIII D.1 states that wall thickness should always be at least 1/16 in, not considering corrosion allowance, material, or dimensions.		ASME BPV Code Section VIII D.1 states that wall thickness should always be at least 1/16 in, not considering corrosion allowance, material, or dimensions.

Jian: /* Design Temperature */

2015-02-26T18:58:20Z

Design Temperature

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	=Design Temperature=		=Design Temperature=
	Different temperature allowances are used above and below normal operating tempratures. For temperatures between -30 and 345 ⁰C, Turton gives a maximum allowance of 25 ⁰C above maximum operating temperature should be included. Above this, an even higher design allowance is used (Towler and Sinnott, 2013). Towler/UOP gives 50 ⁰F above the maximum operating temperature and -25 ⁰F below the minimum (Towler and Sinnott, 2013).		Different temperature allowances are used above and below normal operating tempratures. For temperatures between -30 and 345 ⁰C, Turton gives a maximum allowance of 25 ⁰C above maximum operating temperature should be included (Turton et al., 2012). Above this, an even higher design allowance is used (Towler and Sinnott, 2013). Towler/UOP gives 50 ⁰F above the maximum operating temperature and -25 ⁰F below the minimum (Towler and Sinnott, 2013).

	Maximum allowable stress is highly dependent on temperature, because metals weaken with increasing temperature. The vessel should not operate at higher temperature than the highest at which the maximum allowable stress was evaluated.		Maximum allowable stress is highly dependent on temperature, because metals weaken with increasing temperature. The vessel should not operate at higher temperature than the highest at which the maximum allowable stress was evaluated.

Jian: /* Wall Thickness */

2015-02-26T18:57:31Z

Wall Thickness

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:57, 26 February 2015
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	=Wall Thickness=		=Wall Thickness=
	The required wall thickness of a vessel will depend on many factors, including: the strength of the metal at operating conditions (temperature and pressure), diameter of the tank, and the joint efficiencies. According to Peters, in "Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers," minimum wall thickness, not including corrosion allowances, should not be less than 2.4mm for welded or brazed construction and 4.8mm for riveted construction. Thickness for unfired steam boilers should not be less than 6.35 mm. (Peters ~~552~~) Turton gives heuristics for wall thickness for rigidity based on vessel diameter: 4 mm (0.25 in) for 1.07 m (42 in) diameter and less than 8.1mm (0.32 in) for 1.07-1.52 m (42-60 in) diameter, and 11.7 mm (0.38 mm) for more than 1.52 m (60 in) diameter (Turton).		The required wall thickness of a vessel will depend on many factors, including: the strength of the metal at operating conditions (temperature and pressure), diameter of the tank, and the joint efficiencies. According to Peters, in "Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers," minimum wall thickness, not including corrosion allowances, should not be less than 2.4mm for welded or brazed construction and 4.8mm for riveted construction. Thickness for unfired steam boilers should not be less than 6.35 mm. (Peters and Timmerhaus, 2003) Turton gives heuristics for wall thickness for rigidity based on vessel diameter: 4 mm (0.25 in) for 1.07 m (42 in) diameter and less than 8.1mm (0.32 in) for 1.07-1.52 m (42-60 in) diameter, and 11.7 mm (0.38 mm) for more than 1.52 m (60 in) diameter (Turton).

	ASME BPV Code Section VIII D.1 states that wall thickness should always be at least 1/16 in, not considering corrosion allowance, material, or dimensions.		ASME BPV Code Section VIII D.1 states that wall thickness should always be at least 1/16 in, not considering corrosion allowance, material, or dimensions.

Jian: /* Fatigue-induced failure */

2015-02-26T18:56:59Z

Fatigue-induced failure

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	The endurance limit is the number of cycles for failure at a given set of conditions of cyclic stress. If this number of cycles is		The endurance limit is the number of cycles for failure at a given set of conditions of cyclic stress. If this number of cycles is
	exceeded, the vessel will fail (Towler ~~pg 55~~).		exceeded, the vessel will fail (Towler and Sinnott, 2013).


	=Conclusion=		=Conclusion=

Jian: /* Pressure Testing */

2015-02-26T18:56:38Z

Pressure Testing

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:56, 26 February 2015
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	<math>t</math> = actual plate thickness, mm		<math>t</math> = actual plate thickness, mm

	Adjustments are made for the testing and design temperature. If the thickness cannot be calculated using known methods, a hydraulic proof test is required by the ASME BPV Code. (Towler)		Adjustments are made for the testing and design temperature. If the thickness cannot be calculated using known methods, a hydraulic proof test is required by the ASME BPV Code (Towler and Sinnott, 2013).

	=Fatigue-induced failure=		=Fatigue-induced failure=

Jian: /* Pressure Testing */

2015-02-26T18:56:25Z

Pressure Testing

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	The ASME BPV Code requires pressure testing with an inspector present before vessels can be approved.		The ASME BPV Code requires pressure testing with an inspector present before vessels can be approved.

	Both hydraulic and pneumatic pressure tests are used. Hydraulic testing is preferred to pneumatic for safety reasons because much less energy is stored in compressed liquid than in compressed gas (Towler, ~~Towler/UOP~~)		Both hydraulic and pneumatic pressure tests are used. Hydraulic testing is preferred to pneumatic for safety reasons because much less energy is stored in compressed liquid than in compressed gas (Towler and Sinnott, 2013).

	The equation below is typically used to determine an appropriate test pressure (Towler ~~pg 56~~).		The equation below is typically used to determine an appropriate test pressure (Towler and Sinnott, 2013).

	<math>Test Pressure = 1.30 \left[ P_d \frac{S_a}{S_n} \times \frac{t}{t-c} \right] </math>		<math>Test Pressure = 1.30 \left[ P_d \frac{S_a}{S_n} \times \frac{t}{t-c} \right] </math>

Jian: /* High Pressure Vessels */

2015-02-26T18:56:02Z

High Pressure Vessels

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:56, 26 February 2015
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	High pressures are often required to carry out chemical processes. Section VIII Division 2 of the ASME BPV Code provides guidelines for pressure vessels that will experience pressures above 2000 psia. There are stricter restrictions and requirements regarding operating temperatures and stress analysis and testing. Divison 3 of Section 8 provides guidelines for pressures above 10,000 psia (680 bar).		High pressures are often required to carry out chemical processes. Section VIII Division 2 of the ASME BPV Code provides guidelines for pressure vessels that will experience pressures above 2000 psia. There are stricter restrictions and requirements regarding operating temperatures and stress analysis and testing. Divison 3 of Section 8 provides guidelines for pressures above 10,000 psia (680 bar).

	At high pressures, compound vessels are often used instead of single-walled vessels, which may have difficulty providing the necessary strength. (Towler ~~56-57~~)		At high pressures, compound vessels are often used instead of single-walled vessels, which may have difficulty providing the necessary strength (Towler and Sinnott, 2013).

	===Shrink-fitted cylinders===		===Shrink-fitted cylinders===