Process hydraulics - Revision history

Jian: /* References */

2015-03-02T04:21:37Z

References

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	==References==		==References==

	:Biegler LT, Grossmann IE, Westerberg AW. Systematic Methods of Chemical Process Design. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall; 1997.		Biegler LT, Grossmann IE, Westerberg AW. Systematic Methods of Chemical Process Design. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall; 1997.

	:Cole JL. Chemical Engineering 351 Process Economics, Design, and Evaluation [Lecture Slides]. Evanston: Northwestern University; 2013.		Cole JL. Chemical Engineering 351 Process Economics, Design, and Evaluation [Lecture Slides]. Evanston: Northwestern University; 2013.

	:Enggcyclopedia.com. Pumps [Internet]. [cited 2015 February 24]. Available from: http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/2011/05/pumps/.		Enggcyclopedia.com. Pumps [Internet]. [cited 2015 February 24]. Available from: http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/2011/05/pumps/.

	:Marineengineeringonline.com. Reciprocating Positive Displacement Pump with Air Vessel [Internet]. [cited 2015 February 24]. Available from: http://marineengineeringonline.com/reciprocating-positive-displacement-pumps/.		Marineengineeringonline.com. Reciprocating Positive Displacement Pump with Air Vessel [Internet]. [cited 2015 February 24]. Available from: http://marineengineeringonline.com/reciprocating-positive-displacement-pumps/.

	:Peters MS, Timmerhaus KD. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2003.		Peters MS, Timmerhaus KD. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2003.

	:Seider WD, Seader JD, Lewin DR. Process Design Principles: Synthesis, Analysis, and Evaluation. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley; 2004.		Seider WD, Seader JD, Lewin DR. Process Design Principles: Synthesis, Analysis, and Evaluation. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley; 2004.

	:Spakovszky ZS. 12.4 Multistage Axial Compressors [Internet]. [cited 2015 February 24]. Available from: 2014.http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node92.html.		Spakovszky ZS. 12.4 Multistage Axial Compressors [Internet]. [cited 2015 February 24]. Available from: 2014.http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node92.html.

	:Towler G, Sinnott R. Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design. 2nd ed. Boston: Elsevier; 2013.		Towler G, Sinnott R. Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design. 2nd ed. Boston: Elsevier; 2013.

	:Turton R, Bailie RC, Whiting WB, Shaewitz JA, Bhattacharyya D. Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall; 2012.		Turton R, Bailie RC, Whiting WB, Shaewitz JA, Bhattacharyya D. Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall; 2012.

Jian: /* Valves */

2015-02-26T20:42:52Z

Valves

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	More specifically, the table below gives the pressure drop of different types of valves in the number of velocity heads lost.		More specifically, the table below gives the pressure drop of different types of valves in the number of velocity heads lost.

	Table 1: Pressure Drops Across Valves~~. Taken from ChE 351 powerpoint slide 25~~ (~~written by Jennifer~~ Cole~~) for class instruction. Slides presented on Oct. 28~~, 2013.		Table 1: Pressure Drops Across Valves (Cole, 2013).
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|-		\|-
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	A gate valve is comprised of a wedge that slides up and down perpendicular to the path of fluid flow on screw type mechanism, which spins in opposite directions to open/close the valve, in order to allow and block fluid flow respectively. This type of valve is an ON/OFF valve and therefore should either be operated fully open or fully closed. Operating partially open can degrade the seal on the valve. The fluid path is straight through the valve and therefore minimal pressure drop results (Towler and Sinnott, 2012).		A gate valve is comprised of a wedge that slides up and down perpendicular to the path of fluid flow on screw type mechanism, which spins in opposite directions to open/close the valve, in order to allow and block fluid flow respectively. This type of valve is an ON/OFF valve and therefore should either be operated fully open or fully closed. Operating partially open can degrade the seal on the valve. The fluid path is straight through the valve and therefore minimal pressure drop results (Towler and Sinnott, 2012).

	[[File:Example.jpg]]		[[File:Example.jpg\|center\|frame\|Figure 1. Gate Valve Example (Cole, 2013).]]

	Figure 1: Gate Valve Example~~. Taken from ChE 351 powerpoint slide 14~~ (~~written by Jennifer~~ Cole~~) for class instruction. Slides presented on Oct. 28~~, 2013.

	===Ball Valve===		===Ball Valve===
	A ball valve is another type of ON/OFF valve that only operates fully opened or closed with the flow path straight through the valve. However, these valves only require a quarter turn to open or close the valve and therefore can quench flow much faster than a gate valve. Rather than blocking flow with a wedge, a ball valve turns so that the opening aligns with the pipe to allow flow or pipe wall to block flow (Towler and Sinnott, 2012).		A ball valve is another type of ON/OFF valve that only operates fully opened or closed with the flow path straight through the valve. However, these valves only require a quarter turn to open or close the valve and therefore can quench flow much faster than a gate valve. Rather than blocking flow with a wedge, a ball valve turns so that the opening aligns with the pipe to allow flow or pipe wall to block flow (Towler and Sinnott, 2012).

	[[File:Example3.jpg]]		[[File:Example3.jpg\|center\|frame\|Figure 2. Ball Valve Example (Cole, 2013).]]

	Figure 2: Ball Valve Example~~. Taken from ChE 351 powerpoint slide 16~~ (~~written by Jennifer~~ Cole~~) for class instruction. Slides presented on Oct. 28~~, 2013.

	===Butterfly Valve===		===Butterfly Valve===
	A butterfly valve also requires only a quarter turn to switch between the open and closed position. A flat plate switches positions between being parallel or perpendicular to flow in order to allow or prevent flow through the valve respectively. This valve does not seal well on its own and, unaided, can be pushed open by fluid flow, therefore extra materials are required for complete shutdown of flow (Towler and Sinnott, 2012).		A butterfly valve also requires only a quarter turn to switch between the open and closed position. A flat plate switches positions between being parallel or perpendicular to flow in order to allow or prevent flow through the valve respectively. This valve does not seal well on its own and, unaided, can be pushed open by fluid flow, therefore extra materials are required for complete shutdown of flow (Towler and Sinnott, 2012).

	[[File:Example4.jpg]]		[[File:Example4.jpg\|center\|frame\|Figure 3. Butterfly Valve Example (Cole, 2013).]]

	Figure 3: Butterfly Valve Example~~. Taken from ChE 351 powerpoint slide 17~~ (~~written by Jennifer~~ Cole~~) for class instruction. Slides presented on Oct. 28~~, 2013.

	===Plug Valve===		===Plug Valve===
	A plug valve is very similar to a ball valve, except it is used in situations in which a better seal is needed. The valve uses plug stationed in lubricated lining to provide the seal and once again a quarter turn will open/close the valve by aligning the hole within the plug to the pipe/wall respectively. There is an upper limit to the temperature a which a plug valve can be used, ~450 F, because after this point heat expansion differences of the liner and plug ruins the seal (Towler and Sinnott, 2012).		A plug valve is very similar to a ball valve, except it is used in situations in which a better seal is needed. The valve uses plug stationed in lubricated lining to provide the seal and once again a quarter turn will open/close the valve by aligning the hole within the plug to the pipe/wall respectively. There is an upper limit to the temperature a which a plug valve can be used, ~450 F, because after this point heat expansion differences of the liner and plug ruins the seal (Towler and Sinnott, 2012).

	[[File:Example5.jpg]]		[[File:Example5.jpg\|center\|frame\|Figure 4. Plug Valve Example (Cole, 2013).]]

	Figure 4: Plug Valve Example~~. Taken from ChE 351 powerpoint slide 18~~ (~~written by Jennifer~~ Cole~~) for class instruction. Slides presented on Oct. 28~~, 2013.

	===Globe Valve===		===Globe Valve===
	A globe valve is a type of throttling valve, controlling the fluid flow rate, in which the height of a disk is adjusted between two vertical plates. The gap between the disk and the second vertical plate, known as the seat, can be adjusted to regulate flow rate, however, the valve should not be run at very slow flow rates (<10% open) because the flowing fluid will cause damage to the seat. The two vertical directional changes of the fluid flow path cause greater pressure drops across these valves. This type of valve can be adjusted automatically (using a machine program) or manually by a worker (Towler and Sinnott, 2012).		A globe valve is a type of throttling valve, controlling the fluid flow rate, in which the height of a disk is adjusted between two vertical plates. The gap between the disk and the second vertical plate, known as the seat, can be adjusted to regulate flow rate, however, the valve should not be run at very slow flow rates (<10% open) because the flowing fluid will cause damage to the seat. The two vertical directional changes of the fluid flow path cause greater pressure drops across these valves. This type of valve can be adjusted automatically (using a machine program) or manually by a worker (Towler and Sinnott, 2012).

	[[File:Example6.jpg]]		[[File:Example6.jpg\|center\|frame\|Figure 5. Globe Valve Example (Cole, 2013).]]

	Figure 5: Globe Valve Example~~. Taken from ChE 351 powerpoint slide 19~~ (~~written by Jennifer~~ Cole~~) for class instruction. Slides presented on Oct. 28~~, 2013.

	===Needle Valve===		===Needle Valve===
	A needle valve is much like a globe valve, however, a stem with a conical head is used to control the flow rate. The conical head provides a more accurate and precise flow rate control. Additionally, the conical head does not have problems at low flow rates as the flat disk of a globe valve exhibits (Towler and Sinnott, 2012).		A needle valve is much like a globe valve, however, a stem with a conical head is used to control the flow rate. The conical head provides a more accurate and precise flow rate control. Additionally, the conical head does not have problems at low flow rates as the flat disk of a globe valve exhibits (Towler and Sinnott, 2012).

	[[File:Example7.jpg]]		[[File:Example7.jpg\|center\|frame\|Figure 6. Needle Valve Example (Cole, 2013).]]

	Figure 6: Needle Valve Example~~. Taken from ChE 351 powerpoint slide 21~~ (~~written by Jennifer~~ Cole~~) for class instruction. Slides presented on Oct. 28~~, 2013.

	===Control Valve===		===Control Valve===
	Control valves are a classification of automatic globe valves. These valves use an electric actuator or some type of compressed air system to adjust the flow rate through the valve via signaling from an electric control program (Towler and Sinnott, 2012).		Control valves are a classification of automatic globe valves. These valves use an electric actuator or some type of compressed air system to adjust the flow rate through the valve via signaling from an electric control program (Towler and Sinnott, 2012).

	[[File:Example8.png\|~~300px]]~~		[[File:Example8.png\|300x300px\|center\|frame\|Figure 7. Control Valve Example (Cole, 2013).]]

	Figure 7: Control Valve Example~~. Taken from ChE 351 powerpoint slide 22~~ (~~written by Jennifer~~ Cole~~) for class instruction. Slides presented on Oct. 28~~, 2013.

	===Check Valve===		===Check Valve===
	Check valves are valves that are used to control the flow direction within the pipe (i.e. prevent back-flow). The three main types are swing valves, lift valves and wafer valves (respectively below). Swing valves push a swinging mechanism forward to allow forward flow, but is blocked in the other direction because the weight of the disc holds itself in place. These valves are most common in industry. These valves are not good when flow rate pulsates or is very high, nor if the fluid is a slurry or a gas. Lift valves use vertical plates, as in a throttling valve, to divert flow in an upward direction to lift a move-able piece that is otherwise held in place by gravity preventing reverse flow. Wafer valves use a circular wafer that can only twist in one direction so that forward flow in the pipe spins the wafer to align with the fluid flow and move forward, however, in the reverse direction the hinge is blocked so the wafer can not spin allow flow. These valves require a smaller pressure drop to open and are generally cheaper however they must be used in a very strict flow rate range (~3-11 ft/s) (Towler and Sinnott, 2012).		Check valves are valves that are used to control the flow direction within the pipe (i.e. prevent back-flow). The three main types are swing valves, lift valves and wafer valves (respectively below). Swing valves push a swinging mechanism forward to allow forward flow, but is blocked in the other direction because the weight of the disc holds itself in place. These valves are most common in industry. These valves are not good when flow rate pulsates or is very high, nor if the fluid is a slurry or a gas. Lift valves use vertical plates, as in a throttling valve, to divert flow in an upward direction to lift a move-able piece that is otherwise held in place by gravity preventing reverse flow. Wafer valves use a circular wafer that can only twist in one direction so that forward flow in the pipe spins the wafer to align with the fluid flow and move forward, however, in the reverse direction the hinge is blocked so the wafer can not spin allow flow. These valves require a smaller pressure drop to open and are generally cheaper however they must be used in a very strict flow rate range (~3-11 ft/s) (Towler and Sinnott, 2012).

	[[File:Example9.png]]		<center>
			{\|
	Figure 8: Swing Check Valve Example~~. Taken from ChE 351 powerpoint slide 24~~ (~~written by Jennifer~~ Cole~~) for class instruction. Slides presented on Oct. 28~~, 2013.		\|[[File:Example9.png\|center\|frame\|Figure 8. Swing Check Valve Example (Cole, 2013).]]
			\|
	[[File:Example10.png\|~~300px]]~~		\|[[File:Example10.png\|200x200px\|center\|frame\|Figure 9. Lift Check Valve Example (Cole, 2013).]]
			\|
	Figure 9: Lift Check Valve Example~~. Taken from ChE 351 powerpoint slide 23~~ (~~written by Jennifer~~ Cole~~) for class instruction. Slides presented on Oct. 28~~, 2013.		\|[[File:Example11.png\|200x200px\|center\|frame\|Figure 10. Wafer Check Valve Example (Cole, 2013).]]
			\|}</center>
	[[File:Example11.png\|~~300px]]~~

	Figure 10: Wafer Check Valve Example~~. Taken from ChE 351 powerpoint slide 23~~ (~~written by Jennifer~~ Cole~~) for class instruction. Slides presented on Oct. 28~~, 2013.

	==Conclusion==		==Conclusion==

Jian: /* References */

2015-02-26T20:20:40Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:20, 26 February 2015
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	==References==		==References==

	:Biegler LT, Grossmann IE, Westerberg AW. Systematic Methods of Chemical Process Design. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall; 1997.		:Biegler LT, Grossmann IE, Westerberg AW. Systematic Methods of Chemical Process Design. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall; 1997.
	:Enggcyclopedia.com. Pumps [Internet]. [cited 2015 February 24]. Available from: http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/2011/05/pumps/
	:Marineengineeringonline.com. Reciprocating Positive Displacement Pump with Air Vessel [Internet]. [cited 2015 February 24]. Available from: http://marineengineeringonline.com/reciprocating-positive-displacement-pumps/		:Cole JL. Chemical Engineering 351 Process Economics, Design, and Evaluation [Lecture Slides]. Evanston: Northwestern University; 2013.

			:Enggcyclopedia.com. Pumps [Internet]. [cited 2015 February 24]. Available from: http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/2011/05/pumps/.

			:Marineengineeringonline.com. Reciprocating Positive Displacement Pump with Air Vessel [Internet]. [cited 2015 February 24]. Available from: http://marineengineeringonline.com/reciprocating-positive-displacement-pumps/.

	:Peters MS, Timmerhaus KD. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2003.		:Peters MS, Timmerhaus KD. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2003.

	:Seider WD, Seader JD, Lewin DR. Process Design Principles: Synthesis, Analysis, and Evaluation. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley; 2004.		:Seider WD, Seader JD, Lewin DR. Process Design Principles: Synthesis, Analysis, and Evaluation. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley; 2004.
	:Spakovszky ZS. 12.4 Multistage Axial Compressors [Internet]. [cited 2015 February 24]. Available from: 2014.http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node92.html
			:Spakovszky ZS. 12.4 Multistage Axial Compressors [Internet]. [cited 2015 February 24]. Available from: 2014.http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node92.html.

	:Towler G, Sinnott R. Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design. 2nd ed. Boston: Elsevier; 2013.		:Towler G, Sinnott R. Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design. 2nd ed. Boston: Elsevier; 2013.

	:Turton R, Bailie RC, Whiting WB, Shaewitz JA, Bhattacharyya D. Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall; 2012.		:Turton R, Bailie RC, Whiting WB, Shaewitz JA, Bhattacharyya D. Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall; 2012.

Jian: /* References */

2015-02-26T18:45:07Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:45, 26 February 2015
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	==References==		==References==
	~~:Towler G, Sinnott R. Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design. 2nd ed. Boston: Elsevier; 2013.~~

	:Biegler LT, Grossmann IE, Westerberg AW. Systematic Methods of Chemical Process Design. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall; 1997.		:Biegler LT, Grossmann IE, Westerberg AW. Systematic Methods of Chemical Process Design. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall; 1997.
			:Enggcyclopedia.com. Pumps [Internet]. [cited 2015 February 24]. Available from: http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/2011/05/pumps/
			:Marineengineeringonline.com. Reciprocating Positive Displacement Pump with Air Vessel [Internet]. [cited 2015 February 24]. Available from: http://marineengineeringonline.com/reciprocating-positive-displacement-pumps/
			:Peters MS, Timmerhaus KD. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2003.
	:Seider WD, Seader JD, Lewin DR. Process Design Principles: Synthesis, Analysis, and Evaluation. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley; 2004.		:Seider WD, Seader JD, Lewin DR. Process Design Principles: Synthesis, Analysis, and Evaluation. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley; 2004.
			:Spakovszky ZS. 12.4 Multistage Axial Compressors [Internet]. [cited 2015 February 24]. Available from: 2014.http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node92.html
			:Towler G, Sinnott R. Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design. 2nd ed. Boston: Elsevier; 2013.
	:Turton R, Bailie RC, Whiting WB, Shaewitz JA, Bhattacharyya D. Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall; 2012.		:Turton R, Bailie RC, Whiting WB, Shaewitz JA, Bhattacharyya D. Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall; 2012.

	~~:Peters MS, Timmerhaus KD. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2003.~~

	~~:Enggcyclopedia.com. Pumps [Internet]. [cited 2015 February 24]. Available from: http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/2011/05/pumps/~~

	:marineengineeringonline.com. Reciprocating Positive Displacement Pump with Air Vessel [Internet]. [cited 2015 February 24]. Available from: http://marineengineeringonline.com/reciprocating-positive-displacement-pumps/

	~~:Spakovszky ZS. 12.4 Multistage Axial Compressors [Internet]. [cited 2015 February 24]. Available from: 2014.http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node92.html~~

Jian: /* Centrifugal Pumps */

2015-02-26T18:41:29Z

Centrifugal Pumps

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	[[File:centrifugal pump.jpg\|300px]]		[[File:centrifugal pump.jpg\|300px]]

	Figure 1: Example Centrifugal Pump		Figure 1: Example Centrifugal Pump (Enggcyclopedia.com)

	====Positive Displacement Pumps====		====Positive Displacement Pumps====

Jian: /* Positive Displacement Pumps */

2015-02-26T18:39:57Z

Positive Displacement Pumps

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:39, 26 February 2015
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	[[File:reciprocating piston pump.jpg\|300px]]		[[File:reciprocating piston pump.jpg\|300px]]

	Figure 2: Example Positive Displacement Pump ~~[7]~~		Figure 2: Example Positive Displacement Pump (Marineengineeringonline.com)

	====Jet Pumps====		====Jet Pumps====

Jian: /* References */

2015-02-24T23:21:15Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:21, 24 February 2015
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	==References==		==References==
	1. G~~.P. Towler~~, R. ~~Sinnott, ''~~Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design~~'',~~ Elsevier~~, 2012~~.		:Towler G, Sinnott R. Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design. 2nd ed. Boston: Elsevier; 2013.

	~~2. L.T.~~ Biegler, ~~I.E.~~ Grossmann, A.~~W. Westerberg, ''~~Systematic Methods of Chemical Process Design~~'', Prentice-Hall:~~ Upper Saddle River, 1997.		:Biegler LT, Grossmann IE, Westerberg AW. Systematic Methods of Chemical Process Design. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall; 1997.

	~~3. W.D. Sieder~~, ~~J.D.~~ Seader, ~~D.R~~. ~~Lewin, ''~~Process Design Principles: Synthesis, Analysis, and Evaluation~~'', Wiley:~~ New York, 2004.		:Seider WD, Seader JD, Lewin DR. Process Design Principles: Synthesis, Analysis, and Evaluation. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley; 2004.

	4. R~~.T. Turton~~, ~~R.C.~~ Bailie, ~~W.B.~~ Whiting, ~~J.A~~. ~~Shaeiwitz, ''~~Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes~~'', Prentice Hall:~~ Upper Saddle River~~, 2003~~.		:Turton R, Bailie RC, Whiting WB, Shaewitz JA, Bhattacharyya D. Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall; 2012.

	~~5. M.S.~~ Peters, ~~K.D~~. ~~Timmerhaus, "~~Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers", 5th Ed., McGraw-Hill~~: New York,~~ 2003		:Peters MS, Timmerhaus KD. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2003.

	~~6. "Pumps."~~ Enggcyclopedia. N.~~p., n.d~~. ~~Web~~. ~~23 Feb~~. ~~2014~~.		:Enggcyclopedia.com. Pumps [Internet]. [cited 2015 February 24]. Available from: http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/2011/05/pumps/

	7. ~~"MARINE ENGINEERING~~." Reciprocating Positive Displacement Pump with Air Vessel. N.~~p., n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2014~~.		:marineengineeringonline.com. Reciprocating Positive Displacement Pump with Air Vessel [Internet]. [cited 2015 February 24]. Available from: http://marineengineeringonline.com/reciprocating-positive-displacement-pumps/

	8. "12.4 Multistage Axial Compressors.~~" MIT~~.~~edu~~. N.p.~~, n~~.~~d. Web. 23 Feb. 2014~~.		:Spakovszky ZS. 12.4 Multistage Axial Compressors [Internet]. [cited 2015 February 24]. Available from: 2014.http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node92.html

Jian: /* Centrifugal Pumps */

2015-02-24T23:21:06Z

Centrifugal Pumps

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:21, 24 February 2015
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	[[File:centrifugal pump.jpg\|300px]]		[[File:centrifugal pump.jpg\|300px]]

	Figure 1: Example Centrifugal Pump ~~[6]~~		Figure 1: Example Centrifugal Pump

	====Positive Displacement Pumps====		====Positive Displacement Pumps====

Jian: /* Compressors */

2015-02-24T23:20:13Z

Compressors

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:20, 24 February 2015
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	===Compressors===		===Compressors===
	Gas compressors are designed to increase the pressure of gases. Even small amounts of liquids can cause significant amounts of degradation to the compressor blades, so most compressors are designed to avoid condensation. Like pumps, the feed enters the eye of the impeller unit. Compressors are generally much larger than pumps, and they are well insulated to facilitate operation on light gases. To avoid excessively high temperatures, individual compressors are designed to operate at small compressor ratios <math>P_2/P_1</math>, typically less than 5. If the compression ratio is greater than 5, multistage compressors are used. (Seider ~~644-646~~). Compressors are generally classified into two major categories; continuous flow compressors and positive displacement compressors.		Gas compressors are designed to increase the pressure of gases. Even small amounts of liquids can cause significant amounts of degradation to the compressor blades, so most compressors are designed to avoid condensation. Like pumps, the feed enters the eye of the impeller unit. Compressors are generally much larger than pumps, and they are well insulated to facilitate operation on light gases. To avoid excessively high temperatures, individual compressors are designed to operate at small compressor ratios <math>P_2/P_1</math>, typically less than 5. If the compression ratio is greater than 5, multistage compressors are used. (Seider et al., 2004). Compressors are generally classified into two major categories; continuous flow compressors and positive displacement compressors.

	====Continuous Flow Compressors====		====Continuous Flow Compressors====
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	[[file:compressor.jpg\|300px]]		[[file:compressor.jpg\|300px]]

	Figure 3: Example Continuous Flow Compressor ~~[8]~~		Figure 3: Example Continuous Flow Compressor (Spakovszky)

	====Positive Displacement Compressors====		====Positive Displacement Compressors====

Jian: /* Positive Displacement Pumps */

2015-02-24T23:17:27Z

Positive Displacement Pumps

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:17, 24 February 2015
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	====Positive Displacement Pumps====		====Positive Displacement Pumps====
	In positive displacement pumps, a fixed volume is alternately filled and emptied of the pump fluid by action of the pump. In general, overall efficiencies of positive displacement pumps are higher than those of centrifugal pumps because internal losses are minimized. However, the range of capacities that these pumps can handle is somewhat limited. There are two classes of positive displacement pump, reciprocating and rotary. Reciprocating pumps use valves that are operated by pressure difference to introduce and discharge the liquid being pumped. They generally can deliver fluids with high efficiency against high pressure. In rotary pumps, two intermeshing gears are fitted into a casing. Fluids becomes trapped between the teeth of the gears and is transported to the discharge side of the pump. (Peters ~~514~~).		In positive displacement pumps, a fixed volume is alternately filled and emptied of the pump fluid by action of the pump. In general, overall efficiencies of positive displacement pumps are higher than those of centrifugal pumps because internal losses are minimized. However, the range of capacities that these pumps can handle is somewhat limited. There are two classes of positive displacement pump, reciprocating and rotary. Reciprocating pumps use valves that are operated by pressure difference to introduce and discharge the liquid being pumped. They generally can deliver fluids with high efficiency against high pressure. In rotary pumps, two intermeshing gears are fitted into a casing. Fluids becomes trapped between the teeth of the gears and is transported to the discharge side of the pump (Peters and Timmerhaus, 2003).

	[[File:reciprocating piston pump.jpg\|300px]]		[[File:reciprocating piston pump.jpg\|300px]]