Process safety - Revision history

Evanrosati: /* Benefits of Inherent Safety Over Conventional Safety */

2016-02-13T22:55:50Z

Benefits of Inherent Safety Over Conventional Safety

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:55, 13 February 2016
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	==Benefits of Inherent Safety Over Conventional Safety==		==Benefits of Inherent Safety Over Conventional Safety==
	The outdated method of implementing safety into process design came very late in the design process. The physical entities in the process or the process itself was changed very little and the conventional safety methods included implementing controls. Inherent process safety is instead developed very early in the design process and can lead to very significant cost savings overall. The comparison comes when looking at two ratios for safety costs, the Conventional Safety Cost Index (CSCI) <math>CSCI=\frac{C_{conventional safety}}{C_{loss}}</math> and the Inherent Safety Cost Index (ISCI) <math>ISCI=\frac{C_{inherent safety}}{C_{loss}}</math>. The values of safety cost are easy to determine as they are any additive change to a standard design. The difficulty comes with calculating the cost of losses as this must be an additive loss associated of assets, production, environmental cleanup, and potential human health losses. A diagram of the methods to calculate cost due to losses is shown below:<ref>Kahn, F. Amyotte, Paul. "I2SI: A comprehensive quantitative tool for inherent safety and cost evaluation"		The outdated method of implementing safety into process design came very late in the design process. The physical entities in the process or the process itself was changed very little and the conventional safety methods included implementing controls. Inherent process safety is instead developed very early in the design process and can lead to very significant cost savings overall. The comparison comes when looking at two ratios for safety costs, the Conventional Safety Cost Index (CSCI) <math>CSCI=\frac{C_{conventional safety}}{C_{loss}}</math> and the Inherent Safety Cost Index (ISCI) <math>ISCI=\frac{C_{inherent safety}}{C_{loss}}</math>. The values of safety cost are easy to determine as they are any additive change to a standard design. The difficulty comes with calculating the cost of losses as this must be an additive loss associated of assets, production, environmental cleanup, and potential human health losses. A diagram of the methods to calculate cost due to losses is shown below:<ref>Kahn, F. Amyotte, Paul. "I2SI: A comprehensive quantitative tool for inherent safety and cost evaluation"
	. Journal of Loss Prevention. Elsevier.		. Journal of Loss Prevention. Elsevier. </ref>

	[[File:FailureCost.jpg\|center\|700px\|thumb\|alt=Cost in Process Failures\|Methods for Calculating Process Losses Costs]]		[[File:FailureCost.jpg\|center\|700px\|thumb\|alt=Cost in Process Failures\|Methods for Calculating Process Losses Costs]]

Evanrosati: /* Benefits of Inherent Safety Over Conventional Safety */

2016-02-13T22:55:28Z

Benefits of Inherent Safety Over Conventional Safety

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:55, 13 February 2016
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	==Benefits of Inherent Safety Over Conventional Safety==		==Benefits of Inherent Safety Over Conventional Safety==
	The outdated method of implementing safety into process design came very late in the design process. The physical entities in the process or the process itself was changed very little and the conventional safety methods included implementing controls. Inherent process safety is instead developed very early in the design process and can lead to very significant cost savings overall. The comparison comes when looking at two ratios for safety costs, the Conventional Safety Cost Index (CSCI) <math>CSCI=\frac{C_{conventional safety}}{C_{loss}}</math> and the Inherent Safety Cost Index (ISCI) <math>ISCI=\frac{C_{inherent safety}}{C_{loss}}</math>. The values of safety cost are easy to determine as they are any additive change to a standard design. The difficulty comes with calculating the cost of losses as this must be an additive loss associated of assets, production, environmental cleanup, and potential human health losses.		The outdated method of implementing safety into process design came very late in the design process. The physical entities in the process or the process itself was changed very little and the conventional safety methods included implementing controls. Inherent process safety is instead developed very early in the design process and can lead to very significant cost savings overall. The comparison comes when looking at two ratios for safety costs, the Conventional Safety Cost Index (CSCI) <math>CSCI=\frac{C_{conventional safety}}{C_{loss}}</math> and the Inherent Safety Cost Index (ISCI) <math>ISCI=\frac{C_{inherent safety}}{C_{loss}}</math>. The values of safety cost are easy to determine as they are any additive change to a standard design. The difficulty comes with calculating the cost of losses as this must be an additive loss associated of assets, production, environmental cleanup, and potential human health losses. A diagram of the methods to calculate cost due to losses is shown below:<ref>Kahn, F. Amyotte, Paul. "I2SI: A comprehensive quantitative tool for inherent safety and cost evaluation"
			. Journal of Loss Prevention. Elsevier.

			[[File:FailureCost.jpg\|center\|700px\|thumb\|alt=Cost in Process Failures\|Methods for Calculating Process Losses Costs]]

	=Other Process Safety Considerations=		=Other Process Safety Considerations=

Evanrosati: /* Benefits of Inherent Safety Over Conventional Safety */

2016-02-13T22:45:09Z

Benefits of Inherent Safety Over Conventional Safety

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:45, 13 February 2016
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	==Benefits of Inherent Safety Over Conventional Safety==		==Benefits of Inherent Safety Over Conventional Safety==
	The ~~old practice~~ method of implementing safety into process design came very late in the design process. The physical entities in the process or the process itself was changed very little and the conventional safety methods included implementing controls. Inherent process safety is instead developed very early in the design process and can lead to very significant cost savings overall. The comparison comes when looking at two ratios for safety costs, the Conventional Safety Cost Index (CSCI) <math>CSCI=\frac{C_{conventional safety}}{C_{loss}}</math> and the Inherent Safety Cost Index (ISCI) <math>ISCI=\frac{C_{inherent safety}}{C_{loss}}</math>. The values of safety cost are easy to determine as they are any additive change to a standard design. The difficulty comes with calculating the cost of losses as this must be an additive loss associated of assets, production, environmental cleanup, and potential human health losses.		The outdated method of implementing safety into process design came very late in the design process. The physical entities in the process or the process itself was changed very little and the conventional safety methods included implementing controls. Inherent process safety is instead developed very early in the design process and can lead to very significant cost savings overall. The comparison comes when looking at two ratios for safety costs, the Conventional Safety Cost Index (CSCI) <math>CSCI=\frac{C_{conventional safety}}{C_{loss}}</math> and the Inherent Safety Cost Index (ISCI) <math>ISCI=\frac{C_{inherent safety}}{C_{loss}}</math>. The values of safety cost are easy to determine as they are any additive change to a standard design. The difficulty comes with calculating the cost of losses as this must be an additive loss associated of assets, production, environmental cleanup, and potential human health losses.

	=Other Process Safety Considerations=		=Other Process Safety Considerations=

Evanrosati: /* Benefits of Inherent Safety Over Conventional Safety */

2016-02-13T21:51:47Z

Benefits of Inherent Safety Over Conventional Safety

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:51, 13 February 2016
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	==Benefits of Inherent Safety Over Conventional Safety==		==Benefits of Inherent Safety Over Conventional Safety==
	The old practice method of implementing safety into process design came very late in the design process. The physical entities in the process or the process itself was changed very little and the conventional safety methods included implementing controls. Inherent process safety is instead developed very early in the design process and can lead to very significant cost savings overall. The comparison comes when looking at two ratios for safety costs, the Conventional Safety Cost Index (CSCI) <math>CSCI=\frac{C_{conventional safety}}{C_{loss}}</math> and the Inherent Safety Cost Index (ISCI) <math>ISCI=\frac{C_{inherent safety}}{C_{loss}}</math>.		The old practice method of implementing safety into process design came very late in the design process. The physical entities in the process or the process itself was changed very little and the conventional safety methods included implementing controls. Inherent process safety is instead developed very early in the design process and can lead to very significant cost savings overall. The comparison comes when looking at two ratios for safety costs, the Conventional Safety Cost Index (CSCI) <math>CSCI=\frac{C_{conventional safety}}{C_{loss}}</math> and the Inherent Safety Cost Index (ISCI) <math>ISCI=\frac{C_{inherent safety}}{C_{loss}}</math>. The values of safety cost are easy to determine as they are any additive change to a standard design. The difficulty comes with calculating the cost of losses as this must be an additive loss associated of assets, production, environmental cleanup, and potential human health losses.

	=Other Process Safety Considerations=		=Other Process Safety Considerations=

Evanrosati: /* Benefits of Inherent Safety Over Conventional Safety */

2016-02-13T21:48:15Z

Benefits of Inherent Safety Over Conventional Safety

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:48, 13 February 2016
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	==Benefits of Inherent Safety Over Conventional Safety==		==Benefits of Inherent Safety Over Conventional Safety==
	The old practice method of implementing safety into process design came very late in the design process. The physical entities in the process or the process itself was changed very little and the conventional safety methods included implementing controls. Inherent process safety is instead developed very early in the design process and can lead to very significant cost savings overall. The comparison comes when looking at two ratios for safety costs, the Conventional Safety Cost Index (CSCI) and the Inherent Safety Cost Index (ISCI).		The old practice method of implementing safety into process design came very late in the design process. The physical entities in the process or the process itself was changed very little and the conventional safety methods included implementing controls. Inherent process safety is instead developed very early in the design process and can lead to very significant cost savings overall. The comparison comes when looking at two ratios for safety costs, the Conventional Safety Cost Index (CSCI) <math>CSCI=\frac{C_{conventional safety}}{C_{loss}}</math> and the Inherent Safety Cost Index (ISCI) <math>ISCI=\frac{C_{inherent safety}}{C_{loss}}</math>.

	=Other Process Safety Considerations=		=Other Process Safety Considerations=

Evanrosati: /* Economic Cost of Safety */

2016-02-13T21:41:22Z

Economic Cost of Safety

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:41, 13 February 2016
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	In addition, designers also examine the economic impact of safety and maintenance issues. For instance, they may determine that the plant reactor configuration can be improved, and with improved operator training facilities, it can run with improved safety. These hidden costs must be considered when determining the economic feasibility of operation (Biegler et al., 1997).		In addition, designers also examine the economic impact of safety and maintenance issues. For instance, they may determine that the plant reactor configuration can be improved, and with improved operator training facilities, it can run with improved safety. These hidden costs must be considered when determining the economic feasibility of operation (Biegler et al., 1997).

			==Benefits of Inherent Safety Over Conventional Safety==
			The old practice method of implementing safety into process design came very late in the design process. The physical entities in the process or the process itself was changed very little and the conventional safety methods included implementing controls. Inherent process safety is instead developed very early in the design process and can lead to very significant cost savings overall. The comparison comes when looking at two ratios for safety costs, the Conventional Safety Cost Index (CSCI) and the Inherent Safety Cost Index (ISCI).

	=Other Process Safety Considerations=		=Other Process Safety Considerations=

Evanrosati: /* Internation Labour Organization (ILO) */

2016-02-13T20:37:18Z

Internation Labour Organization (ILO)

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:37, 13 February 2016
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	International regulations can be considered as best practice standards that are adopted by governments through treaties and establishment through United Nation resolutions. Most international regulation agencies can only register complaints for violations, but can not implement sanctions or fines to infracting parties.		International regulations can be considered as best practice standards that are adopted by governments through treaties and establishment through United Nation resolutions. Most international regulation agencies can only register complaints for violations, but can not implement sanctions or fines to infracting parties.

	===~~Internation~~ Labour Organization (ILO)===		===International Labour Organization (ILO)===
	After the dissolution of the League of Nations in 1946, the ILO became the first specialized agency of the United Nations upon its founding in December of that same year. <ref> ISO Photo Gallery. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/media/mediasearch.fiche?p_id=16023&p_lang=en. Accessed February 13, 2016.</ref> The ILO attempts to develop labor standards for workers in all industries. The unique tripartite structure of the ILO gives an equal voice to workers, employers and governments to ensure that the views of the social partners are closely reflected in labour standards and in shaping policies and programs. <ref> ISO "How the ISO Works" http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/how-the-ilo-works/lang--en/index.htm. Accessed February 13, 2016.</ref> The ISO has established International Labour Standards on Occupational Safety and Health, which has developed more than 40 standards specifically dealing with occupational heath and safety.<ref> ILO. "International Labour Standards on Occupational Safety and Health". http://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/occupational-safety-and-health/lang--en/index.htm. Accessed February 13, 2016.</ref>. The important conventions are listed below:		After the dissolution of the League of Nations in 1946, the ILO became the first specialized agency of the United Nations upon its founding in December of that same year. <ref> ISO Photo Gallery. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/media/mediasearch.fiche?p_id=16023&p_lang=en. Accessed February 13, 2016.</ref> The ILO attempts to develop labor standards for workers in all industries. The unique tripartite structure of the ILO gives an equal voice to workers, employers and governments to ensure that the views of the social partners are closely reflected in labour standards and in shaping policies and programs. <ref> ISO "How the ISO Works" http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/how-the-ilo-works/lang--en/index.htm. Accessed February 13, 2016.</ref> The ISO has established International Labour Standards on Occupational Safety and Health, which has developed more than 40 standards specifically dealing with occupational heath and safety.<ref> ILO. "International Labour Standards on Occupational Safety and Health". http://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/occupational-safety-and-health/lang--en/index.htm. Accessed February 13, 2016.</ref>. The important conventions are listed below:

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	#In addition, it allocates specific responsibilities to suppliers and exporting states.		#In addition, it allocates specific responsibilities to suppliers and exporting states.
	#Chemicals shall be evaluated to determine their level of hazards and employers shall make these hazards known to their employees.		#Chemicals shall be evaluated to determine their level of hazards and employers shall make these hazards known to their employees.


	===International Organization for Standardization (ISO)===		===International Organization for Standardization (ISO)===

Evanrosati: /* Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 */

2016-02-13T20:36:51Z

Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:36, 13 February 2016
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	===Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990===		===Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990===
			This Amendment to the original Clean Air Act of 1970 was designed to curb three major threats to the nation's environment and health of citizens: acid rain, urban air pollution, and toxic air emissions.<ref>Environmental Protection Agency. "1990 Clean Air Act Amendment Summary" http://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/1990-clean-air-act-amendment-summary. Accessed February 13, 2016.</ref>
	# Established the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, and independent federal agency with the goal of ensuring worker and public safety through the prevention or minimization of the effects of chemical accidents. <ref>Seider WD, Seader JD, Lewin DR, Seider WD. Product And Process Design Principles: Synthesis, Analysis, and Evaluation. New York: Wiley; 2004.</ref>		# Established the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, and independent federal agency with the goal of ensuring worker and public safety through the prevention or minimization of the effects of chemical accidents. <ref>Seider WD, Seader JD, Lewin DR, Seider WD. Product And Process Design Principles: Synthesis, Analysis, and Evaluation. New York: Wiley; 2004.</ref>
	#Attempt to determine the roots and contributing causes of accidents and then provide briefs on the accidents.		# Attempt to determine the roots and contributing causes of accidents and then provide briefs on the accidents.
			# Led to the development of cap and trade systems for air pollutants.
			# Gave the government significantly more power to control air emissions and administer admissions permits.

	==Additional Legislative Information==		==Additional Legislative Information==

Evanrosati: /* The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), 1986 */

2016-02-13T20:31:11Z

The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), 1986

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:31, 13 February 2016
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	#It gives the EPA more defined power on the regulation of chemical substances and the Sustainable Chemical Program will be established. This brings the TSCA into the modern era of the chemical industry.<ref>S.697 - 114th Congress (2015-2016): Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act. Congress.gov. https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/697/all-info. Accessed January 27, 2016.</ref>		#It gives the EPA more defined power on the regulation of chemical substances and the Sustainable Chemical Program will be established. This brings the TSCA into the modern era of the chemical industry.<ref>S.697 - 114th Congress (2015-2016): Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act. Congress.gov. https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/697/all-info. Accessed January 27, 2016.</ref>

	===The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), 1986===		===The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), 1986<ref> US Government Printing Office. Emergency Panning and Community Right to Know. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2010-title42/html/USCODE-2010-title42-chap116.htm. Accessed February 13, 2016</ref>===
	The Act was passed by Congress in response to concerns regarding the environmental and safety hazards posed by the storage and handling of toxic chemicals. This legislation was developed as a result of the 1984 chemical disaster in Bhopal, India.<ref>What is EPCRA? EPA. http://www.epa.gov/epcra/what-epcra. Published November 10, 2015. Accessed January 27, 2016.</ref>		The Act was passed by Congress in response to concerns regarding the environmental and safety hazards posed by the storage and handling of toxic chemicals. This legislation was developed as a result of the 1984 chemical disaster in Bhopal, India.<ref>What is EPCRA? EPA. http://www.epa.gov/epcra/what-epcra. Published November 10, 2015. Accessed January 27, 2016.</ref>
	# All facilities manufacturing, processing, or storing hazardous chemicals must make plans for major incidents if they were to occur and the plans must be made public so that local communities can be properly informed.		# All facilities manufacturing, processing, or storing hazardous chemicals must make plans for major incidents if they were to occur and the plans must be made public so that local communities can be properly informed.

Evanrosati: /* The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), 1986 */

2016-02-13T20:29:34Z

The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), 1986

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:29, 13 February 2016
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	===The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), 1986===		===The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), 1986===
	This legislation was developed as a result of the 1984 chemical disaster in Bhopal, India.<ref>What is EPCRA? EPA. http://www.epa.gov/epcra/what-epcra. Published November 10, 2015. Accessed January 27, 2016.</ref>		The Act was passed by Congress in response to concerns regarding the environmental and safety hazards posed by the storage and handling of toxic chemicals. This legislation was developed as a result of the 1984 chemical disaster in Bhopal, India.<ref>What is EPCRA? EPA. http://www.epa.gov/epcra/what-epcra. Published November 10, 2015. Accessed January 27, 2016.</ref>
	# All facilities must make plans for major incidents if they were to occur and the plans must be made public so that local communities can be properly informed.		# All facilities manufacturing, processing, or storing hazardous chemicals must make plans for major incidents if they were to occur and the plans must be made public so that local communities can be properly informed.
	# Local governments should ~~review and~~ help prepare emergency plans.		# All facilities must also produce Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) to state and local officials as well as local fire departments.
			# Local governments should help prepare emergency plans and review the plans annually.
			# State governments are required to oversee and coordinate local planning efforts.
			# Emergency Notification: Facilities must immediately report accidental releases of chemicals and "hazardous substances" in quantities greater than Reportable Quantities (RQs) defined under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act to state and local officials with this information then being available to the public.
			# Annually, facilities must complete and submit a toxic chemical release inventory form.

	===Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990===		===Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990===