Reactors - Revision history

Nataliamaj: /* Batch or Continuous */

2016-02-22T05:56:16Z

Batch or Continuous

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	'''Case Study: Batch vs Continuous'''		'''Case Study: Batch vs Continuous'''

	A research group compared the rates of production of the enzyme xylanase. Filamentous fungi secrete this enzyme into the medium during fermentation and have much higher activity than yeast and bacteria. This enzyme increases the body weight gains of animals. It is also used in prebleaching in the paper industry as well as helps regulate dough viscosity in the baking industry. Finally, it can be used for the production of fuel and chemical feedstocks.		A research group compared the rates of production of the enzyme xylanase. Filamentous fungi secrete this enzyme into the medium during fermentation and have much higher activity than yeast and bacteria. This enzyme increases the body weight gains of animals. It is also used in prebleaching in the paper industry as well as helps regulate dough viscosity in the baking industry. Finally, it can be used for the production of fuel and chemical feedstocks (Bakri, 2012).

	Due to the nature of continuous condition, the group predicted that this option should yield higher results. Continuous fermentation does not require time to clean up and sterilize new batches. The cells were grown in a 3 liter Electro-lab fermenter with a barley straw hydrolase medium. For the batch portion of the experiment, the reactor was filled with 1.5 liters of medium and was inoculated with a concentration of a million spores per milliliter. For the continous portion of the experiment, the medium was pumped into the bioreactor using a peristaltic pump at a speed of 75 milliliters per hour. The speed was chosen to allow for the retention of 1.5 liters of culture during the process.		Due to the nature of continuous condition, the group predicted that this option should yield higher results. Continuous fermentation does not require time to clean up and sterilize new batches. The cells were grown in a 3 liter Electro-lab fermenter with a barley straw hydrolase medium. For the batch portion of the experiment, the reactor was filled with 1.5 liters of medium and was inoculated with a concentration of a million spores per milliliter. For the continous portion of the experiment, the medium was pumped into the bioreactor using a peristaltic pump at a speed of 75 milliliters per hour. The speed was chosen to allow for the retention of 1.5 liters of culture during the process (Bakri, 2012).

	The results for both batch and continuous methods are illustrated below:		The results for both batch and continuous methods are illustrated below:
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	''Figure 18: Xylanase productivity comparing batch and continuous method''		''Figure 18: Xylanase productivity comparing batch and continuous method''

	This case study shows that although the concentration of xylanase was higher in batch mode, the highest productivity occurred in the continuous method. The productivity increased by almost eight fold, showing that a continuous culture is the best production method.		This case study shows that although the concentration of xylanase was higher in batch mode, the highest productivity occurred in the continuous method. The productivity increased by almost eight fold, showing that a continuous culture is the best production method (Bakri, 2012).

	===Mass Transfer for Bioreactors===		===Mass Transfer for Bioreactors===

Nataliamaj: /* References */

2016-02-22T05:55:36Z

References

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	G. DiLeo and S. Ogoreuc. “Sterilization”. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. 2000. http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/Projects00/sterilize/sterilization.html. Accessed February 20, 2016.		G. DiLeo and S. Ogoreuc. “Sterilization”. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. 2000. http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/Projects00/sterilize/sterilization.html. Accessed February 20, 2016.

			Y. Bakri, Y. Akeed, P. Thonart. "Comparison between continuous and batch processing to produce xylanase by penicillium canescens 10-10c." Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2012.

Nataliamaj: /* Batch or Continuous */

2016-02-22T05:54:15Z

Batch or Continuous

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	The results for both batch and continuous methods are illustrated below:		The results for both batch and continuous methods are illustrated below:

	[[file:batch.png \|~~150x200px~~]]		[[file:batch.png \| 300x400px]]
	Figure 16: Xylanase production using batch method		''Figure 16: Xylanase production using batch method''

	[[file:cont.png \| ~~150x200px~~]]		[[file:cont.png \| 300x400px]]
	Figure 17: Xylanase production using continuous method		''Figure 17: Xylanase production using continuous method''

	[[file:batch_v_cont.png \|~~150x200px~~]]		[[file:batch_v_cont.png \| 300x400px]]
	Figure 18: Xylanase productivity comparing batch and continuous method		''Figure 18: Xylanase productivity comparing batch and continuous method''

	This case study shows that although the concentration of xylanase was higher in batch mode, the highest productivity occurred in the continuous method. The productivity increased by almost eight fold, showing that a continuous culture is the best production method.		This case study shows that although the concentration of xylanase was higher in batch mode, the highest productivity occurred in the continuous method. The productivity increased by almost eight fold, showing that a continuous culture is the best production method.

Nataliamaj: /* Batch or Continuous */

2016-02-22T05:53:07Z

Batch or Continuous

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	The results for both batch and continuous methods are illustrated below:		The results for both batch and continuous methods are illustrated below:

	[[file:~~batch_v_cont~~.png]]		[[file:batch.png \|150x200px]]
	Figure x. Xylanase production using batch method		Figure 16: Xylanase production using batch method

	[[file:~~batch~~.png]]		[[file:cont.png \| 150x200px]]
			Figure 17: Xylanase production using continuous method

	[[file:~~cont~~.png]]		[[file:batch_v_cont.png \|150x200px]]
	Figure y. Xylanase ~~production using~~ continuous method		Figure 18: Xylanase productivity comparing batch and continuous method

	This case study shows that although the concentration of xylanase was higher in batch mode, the highest productivity occurred in the continuous method. The productivity increased by almost eight fold, showing that a continuous culture is the best production method.		This case study shows that although the concentration of xylanase was higher in batch mode, the highest productivity occurred in the continuous method. The productivity increased by almost eight fold, showing that a continuous culture is the best production method.

Nataliamaj: /* Batch or Continuous */

2016-02-22T05:50:48Z

Batch or Continuous

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	The results for both batch and continuous methods are illustrated below:		The results for both batch and continuous methods are illustrated below:

	[file:batch_v_cont.png]		[[file:batch_v_cont.png]]
	Figure x. Xylanase production using batch method		Figure x. Xylanase production using batch method

			[[file:batch.png]]

			[[file:cont.png]]
	Figure y. Xylanase production using continuous method		Figure y. Xylanase production using continuous method

Nataliamaj: /* Batch or Continuous */

2016-02-22T05:49:59Z

Batch or Continuous

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	The results for both batch and continuous methods are illustrated below:		The results for both batch and continuous methods are illustrated below:

			[file:batch_v_cont.png]
	Figure x. Xylanase production using batch method		Figure x. Xylanase production using batch method

Nataliamaj: /* Types of Bioreactors */

2016-02-22T05:44:06Z

Types of Bioreactors

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	* '''Anaerobic Bioreactors'''		* '''Anaerobic Bioreactors'''

	:: Anaerobic reactions are used in ethanol production, winemaking, beer brewing, and wastewater treatment. Due to its long standing history, these processes have become well established and improvements include decreasing cost of production due to new technology. Although continuous production for beer has been patented on a large scale, most investment is still focused on batch production.		:: Anaerobic reactions are used in ethanol production, winemaking, beer brewing, and wastewater treatment. Due to its long standing history, these processes have become well established and improvements include decreasing cost of production due to new technology. Although continuous production for beer has been patented on a large scale, most investment is still focused on batch production (William, 2002).

	===Preventing Contamination===		===Preventing Contamination===

Nataliamaj: /* Batch or Continuous */

2016-02-22T05:43:34Z

Batch or Continuous

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:43, 22 February 2016
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	'''Case Study: Batch vs Continuous'''		'''Case Study: Batch vs Continuous'''

			A research group compared the rates of production of the enzyme xylanase. Filamentous fungi secrete this enzyme into the medium during fermentation and have much higher activity than yeast and bacteria. This enzyme increases the body weight gains of animals. It is also used in prebleaching in the paper industry as well as helps regulate dough viscosity in the baking industry. Finally, it can be used for the production of fuel and chemical feedstocks.

			Due to the nature of continuous condition, the group predicted that this option should yield higher results. Continuous fermentation does not require time to clean up and sterilize new batches. The cells were grown in a 3 liter Electro-lab fermenter with a barley straw hydrolase medium. For the batch portion of the experiment, the reactor was filled with 1.5 liters of medium and was inoculated with a concentration of a million spores per milliliter. For the continous portion of the experiment, the medium was pumped into the bioreactor using a peristaltic pump at a speed of 75 milliliters per hour. The speed was chosen to allow for the retention of 1.5 liters of culture during the process.

			The results for both batch and continuous methods are illustrated below:


			Figure x. Xylanase production using batch method

			Figure y. Xylanase production using continuous method

			This case study shows that although the concentration of xylanase was higher in batch mode, the highest productivity occurred in the continuous method. The productivity increased by almost eight fold, showing that a continuous culture is the best production method.

	===Mass Transfer for Bioreactors===		===Mass Transfer for Bioreactors===

Kimandersonkc at 04:16, 22 February 2016

2016-02-22T04:16:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:16, 22 February 2016
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	:: If the medium being sterilized contains heat-sensitive materials, filter sterilization must be used instead of steam. Filtration is also used to sterilize the process air used in the system. Microporous filters are used, so the medium must be prefiltered for larger particulates so that the microporous filter does not get clogged. However, filtration is not as reliable as steam sterilization, as any defects in the membrane can lead to contamination, and viruses can often pass through the filter (Shuler 2002).		:: If the medium being sterilized contains heat-sensitive materials, filter sterilization must be used instead of steam. Filtration is also used to sterilize the process air used in the system. Microporous filters are used, so the medium must be prefiltered for larger particulates so that the microporous filter does not get clogged. However, filtration is not as reliable as steam sterilization, as any defects in the membrane can lead to contamination, and viruses can often pass through the filter (Shuler 2002).

			=====Example Calculations=====
			A continuous culture is ran in a 1,000L fermentor, and it is desired to have only one in one thousand chance of spore contamination. The fermentation is ran for four weeks at a dilution rate of 0.1hr^-1. The medium initially contains 10^5 spores/L. A sterilization temperature of 140C is used. <math>\alpha</math> for the spores is 110^36 min^-1, and <math>E_\text{0d}</math> is 67kcal/mol. There is a key temperature-sensitive vitamin in the broth at a concentration of 10mg/L that has <math>\alpha</math> of 110^4 min^-1 and <math>E_\text{0d}</math> of 10 kcal/mol (Jewett 2016).

			* To calculate the time needed to sterilize the medium:
			::<math>V_\text{total} = 1000L + (1000L0.1hr^\text{-1} 24hr/day * 7days/week * 4 weeks) = 68,200L</math>

			::<math>N_0 = 68,200L * 10^5 spores/L = 6.82*10^9 spores</math>

			::Use the sterilization chart (Fig. 18), with <math>1-P_0 = 10^-3</math> and <math>N_0 = 6.82*10^9</math>, to get <math>k_d^\text{spores}t = 29</math>

			::To find k_d,

			::<math>k_d^\text{spores} = \alpha e^{-E_\text{0D}/RT}</math>

			::<math>k_d^\text{spores}= 10^{36}min^{-1}e^{-67,0000\text{cal/mol} / 1.987\text{cal/molK}*413K} = 3.59 min^{-1}</math>

			::Using
			::<math>k_d</math> and <math>k_dt</math>
			::find <math>t</math>
			::<math>k_d^\text{spores}t = 29 = 3.59*t</math>

			::<math>t = 8.08min</math>

			* To find the concentration of active vitamin after sterilization,

			::First find
			::<math>k_dt</math>,

			::<math>k_d^\text{vitamin} = \alpha e^{-E_\text{0D}/RT}</math>

			::<math>k_d^\text{vitamin}= 10^{4}min^{-1}e^{-10,0000\text{cal/mol} / 1.987\text{cal/molK}*413K} = 0.051 min^{-1}</math>

			::Then use the equation,
			::<math>N/N_0 = e^{-k_d^{vitamin}t}</math>

			::<math>N/10\text{mg/L} = e^{-0.051min^{-1}*8.08min}</math>

			::<math>N= 6.6 mg/L vitamin</math>

	====Sterilization of Gases====		====Sterilization of Gases====

Neildalvie at 04:00, 22 February 2016

2016-02-22T04:00:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:00, 22 February 2016
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	L.T. Biegler, I.E. Grossmann, A.W. Westerberg, Systematic Methods of Chemical ProcessDesign, Prentice-Hall: Upper Saddle River, 1997.		L.T. Biegler, I.E. Grossmann, A.W. Westerberg, Systematic Methods of Chemical ProcessDesign, Prentice-Hall: Upper Saddle River, 1997.

			Shuler, Michael L., and Fikret Kargi. Bioprocess engineering. New York: Prentice Hall, 2002.

			Arsenault, Patrick R., Kristin K. Wobbe, and Pamela J. Weathers. "Recent advances in artemisinin production through heterologous expression." Current medicinal chemistry 15.27 (2008): 2886.

	Karimi, Ali, Golbabei, Farideh, Pourmand, Mohammad. “Oxygen mass transfer in a stirred tank bioreactor using different impeller configurations for environmental purposes.” Iranian Journal of Environmental Health, Science, and Engineering, 2013.		Karimi, Ali, Golbabei, Farideh, Pourmand, Mohammad. “Oxygen mass transfer in a stirred tank bioreactor using different impeller configurations for environmental purposes.” Iranian Journal of Environmental Health, Science, and Engineering, 2013.