Shale Gas to Ethylene (G2) - Revision history

MichelleS: /* Economic Analysis */

2015-03-14T02:08:42Z

Economic Analysis

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	Figure 2 displays the breakdown of energy usage, including heat exchangers, condensers, pumps, and other equipment. The areas with the highest energy usage are the cracking reactor with the quencher (34%), the fractionation train (32%) and ethylene splitter (26%). The high cracking reactor energy usage is as to be expected because it requires very high temperatures. The fractionation train and ethylene splitter require a lot of energy because both of these systems contains cryogenic separation.		Figure 2 displays the breakdown of energy usage, including heat exchangers, condensers, pumps, and other equipment. The areas with the highest energy usage are the cracking reactor with the quencher (34%), the fractionation train (32%) and ethylene splitter (26%). The high cracking reactor energy usage is as to be expected because it requires very high temperatures. The fractionation train and ethylene splitter require a lot of energy because both of these systems contains cryogenic separation.

Tammywong2015: /* References */

2015-03-14T02:07:38Z

References

Tammywong2015: /* References */

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References

Tammywong2015: /* References */

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References

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	#Shell Global Solutions. Sulfinol-M. Shell Website. Published 2012. Available at:http://s02.static-shell.com/content/dam/shell/static/globalsolutions/downloads/services/sulfino-m.pdf.		#Shell Global Solutions. Sulfinol-M. Shell Website. Published 2012. Available at:http://s02.static-shell.com/content/dam/shell/static/globalsolutions/downloads/services/sulfino-m.pdf.
	#Sims DW. Pre-fractionating the feedstock to separate into an ethane rich stream and a propane rich stream, steam cracking each stream to form ethylene. 1999, US5990370 A. http://www.google.com/patents/US5990370		#Sims DW. Pre-fractionating the feedstock to separate into an ethane rich stream and a propane rich stream, steam cracking each stream to form ethylene. 1999, US5990370 A. http://www.google.com/patents/US5990370
	Sundaram, KM, Froment, KF. “Modeling of thermal cracking kinetics—I: Thermal cracking of ethane, propane and their mixtures.” Chemical Engineering Science. 1997; 32 (6): 601-608. doi:10.1016/0009-2509(77)80225-X.		#Sundaram, KM, Froment, KF. “Modeling of thermal cracking kinetics—I: Thermal cracking of ethane, propane and their mixtures.” Chemical Engineering Science. 1997; 32 (6): 601-608. doi:10.1016/0009-2509(77)80225-X.
	#Towler G, Sinnott R. Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design. 2nd ed. Boston: Elsevier; 2013.		#Towler G, Sinnott R. Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design. 2nd ed. Boston: Elsevier; 2013.
	#Transform Software and Services. “A Comparative Study of North America's Largest Shale Gas Reservoirs.” Available at: https://www2.transformsw.com/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=82		#Transform Software and Services. “A Comparative Study of North America's Largest Shale Gas Reservoirs.” Available at: https://www2.transformsw.com/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=82

Tammywong2015: /* References */

2015-03-14T02:02:09Z

References

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	#HES Hydrogen RSS. Hydrogen Fuel Cost vs Gasoline. Available at:http://heshydrogen.com/hydrogen-fuel-cost-vs-gasoline/		#HES Hydrogen RSS. Hydrogen Fuel Cost vs Gasoline. Available at:http://heshydrogen.com/hydrogen-fuel-cost-vs-gasoline/
	#Index Mundi. Propane Daily Price, Feb 23, 2015. Available at: http://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=propane		#Index Mundi. Propane Daily Price, Feb 23, 2015. Available at: http://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=propane
	Keller A. NGL 101 - The Basics. EIA Website. Published June 6, 2012. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/conference/ngl_virtual/eia-ngl_workshop-anne-keller.pdf.		#Keller A. NGL 101 - The Basics. EIA Website. Published June 6, 2012. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/conference/ngl_virtual/eia-ngl_workshop-anne-keller.pdf.
	#Khan N.A., Shaikhutdinov S., Freund H.J., “Acetylene and ethylene hydrogenation on alumina supported Pd-Ag model catalysts.” Catalysis Letters. 108, 159 (2006). Available at: http://w0.rz-berlin.mpg.de/hjfdb/pdf/442e.pdf		#Khan N.A., Shaikhutdinov S., Freund H.J., “Acetylene and ethylene hydrogenation on alumina supported Pd-Ag model catalysts.” Catalysis Letters. 108, 159 (2006). Available at: http://w0.rz-berlin.mpg.de/hjfdb/pdf/442e.pdf
	#Klinkenbijl, J. Dillon, M, Heymen, E. Gas Pre-treatment and their Impact on Liquefaction Processes. Published March 2, 1999. Available at:http://iptibm1.ipt.ntnu.no/~jsg/undervisning/naturgass/dokumenter/GasPreTreatment.pdf.		#Klinkenbijl, J. Dillon, M, Heymen, E. Gas Pre-treatment and their Impact on Liquefaction Processes. Published March 2, 1999. Available at:http://iptibm1.ipt.ntnu.no/~jsg/undervisning/naturgass/dokumenter/GasPreTreatment.pdf.

Tammywong2015: /* References */

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References

Tammywong2015: /* References */

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References

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 =References=
-<ref> American Petroleum Institute,[http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/oira_2060/2060_03222012-2.pdf. "VOC Content Threshold for Reduced Emissions Completions"], March 2, 2011 </ref>
+#Alibaba. Diethylamine Price (n.d.). Available at: http://www.alibaba.com/showroom/diethylamine-price.html
 =Appendices=

Tammywong2015: /* References */

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References

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	=References=		=References=

	<ref>American Petroleum Institute,[http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/oira_2060/2060_03222012-2.pdf. "VOC Content Threshold for Reduced Emissions Completions"], March 2, 2011 </ref>		<ref> American Petroleum Institute,[http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/oira_2060/2060_03222012-2.pdf. "VOC Content Threshold for Reduced Emissions Completions"], March 2, 2011 </ref>

	=Appendices=		=Appendices=

Tammywong2015: /* References */

2015-03-14T01:44:46Z

References

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	=References=		=References=
	<ref>~~{{cite web~~
	~~\|author=~~American Petroleum Institute		<ref>American Petroleum Institute,[http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/oira_2060/2060_03222012-2.pdf. "VOC Content Threshold for Reduced Emissions Completions"], March 2, 2011 </ref>
	~~\|url=~~http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/oira_2060/2060_03222012-2.pdf.
	~~\|title=~~VOC Content Threshold for Reduced Emissions Completions
	~~\|date=~~March 2, 2011}}</ref>

	=Appendices=		=Appendices=

MichelleS at 01:41, 14 March 2015

2015-03-14T01:41:55Z

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			Team G2 Final Report

			Authors: Katie Johnson, Michelle Spiezio, Tammy Wong

			Instructors: Fengqi You, David Wegerer

			March 13, 2015

	=Executive Summary=		=Executive Summary=

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	This discussed design results in the following product streams: 26,600 kg/hr of >98% purity ethylene , 6,300 kg/hr of 94% pure hydrogen, 68,600 kg/hr of 96% pure methane, 30,600 kg/hr of 97% pure propane, and 38,200 kg/hr of NGLs, which is 72% butane and 26% pentane. The total profits from the sale of these products surmounts to about $328 million annually. The annual cost of this design includes the cost of purchasing feeds, offsite organic waste treatment, utilities (determined from Aspen Energy Analyzer), labor, and other miscellaneous costs. This annual cost is $250 million. Additionally, the total capital cost, determined from estimated equipment sizes as well as added contingency for piping and other fixtures, sums to $120 million. From these costs, the design has a 10 year NPV of $547 million, a payback period of 3 years and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 72%. These calculations indicate a profitable design that should be pursued. However, this design and the resulting calculations should be refined with additional researching and alternatives beyond what is presented in this report.		This discussed design results in the following product streams: 26,600 kg/hr of >98% purity ethylene , 6,300 kg/hr of 94% pure hydrogen, 68,600 kg/hr of 96% pure methane, 30,600 kg/hr of 97% pure propane, and 38,200 kg/hr of NGLs, which is 72% butane and 26% pentane. The total profits from the sale of these products surmounts to about $328 million annually. The annual cost of this design includes the cost of purchasing feeds, offsite organic waste treatment, utilities (determined from Aspen Energy Analyzer), labor, and other miscellaneous costs. This annual cost is $250 million. Additionally, the total capital cost, determined from estimated equipment sizes as well as added contingency for piping and other fixtures, sums to $120 million. From these costs, the design has a 10 year NPV of $547 million, a payback period of 3 years and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 72%. These calculations indicate a profitable design that should be pursued. However, this design and the resulting calculations should be refined with additional researching and alternatives beyond what is presented in this report.

			__TOC__
	=Introduction=		=Introduction=
	This report summarizes a project to design a process to produce ethylene and NGLs from shale gas. The production of ethylene is desirable because ethylene is a valuable product in the production of polymers, chemicals and other consumer products. In this final report, the design and simulation in HYSYS are discussed in detail. In addition, the rationale behind the selection of the specific technology chosen for the design is provided. The objectives when choosing specific technology were to maximize efficiency and conversion while minimizing capital and operating costs of the facility. Finally, an economic analysis was conducted, including capital costs, variable costs and fixed costs analyses with an overall NPV calculation. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the effect of certain design tradeoffs and changes in market pricing.		This report summarizes a project to design a process to produce ethylene and NGLs from shale gas. The production of ethylene is desirable because ethylene is a valuable product in the production of polymers, chemicals and other consumer products. In this final report, the design and simulation in HYSYS are discussed in detail. In addition, the rationale behind the selection of the specific technology chosen for the design is provided. The objectives when choosing specific technology were to maximize efficiency and conversion while minimizing capital and operating costs of the facility. Finally, an economic analysis was conducted, including capital costs, variable costs and fixed costs analyses with an overall NPV calculation. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the effect of certain design tradeoffs and changes in market pricing.

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	Alibaba. Diethylamine Price (n.d.). Available at: http://www.alibaba.com/showroom/diethylamine-price.html		Alibaba. Diethylamine Price (n.d.). Available at: http://www.alibaba.com/showroom/diethylamine-price.html

	Alkhudhiri A, Darwish N, Hilal N. "Membrane Distillation: A Comprehensive Review." Desalination. 2012; 287: 2-18.		Alkhudhiri A, Darwish N, Hilal N. "Membrane Distillation: A Comprehensive Review." Desalination. 2012; 287: 2-18.

	American Petroleum Institute. “VOC Content Threshold for Reduced Emissions Completions.” Published March 2, 2011. Available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/oira_2060/2060_03222012-2.pdf.		American Petroleum Institute. “VOC Content Threshold for Reduced Emissions Completions.” Published March 2, 2011. Available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/oira_2060/2060_03222012-2.pdf.

	American Petroleum Institute. VOC Content Threshold for Reduced Emissions Completions. Published March 2, 2011. Available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/oira_2060/2060_03222012-2.pdf.		American Petroleum Institute. VOC Content Threshold for Reduced Emissions Completions. Published March 2, 2011. Available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/oira_2060/2060_03222012-2.pdf.

	Dow. “Gas Sweetinging”. Published 1998. Available at: http://msdssearch.dow.com/PublishedLiteratureDOWCOM/dh_0039/0901b803800391f8.pdf?filepath=gastreating/pdfs/noreg/170-01395.pdf&fromPage=GetDoc.		Dow. “Gas Sweetinging”. Published 1998. Available at: http://msdssearch.dow.com/PublishedLiteratureDOWCOM/dh_0039/0901b803800391f8.pdf?filepath=gastreating/pdfs/noreg/170-01395.pdf&fromPage=GetDoc.

	Ethylene Gas Specifications. Advanced Specialty Gases Website. Published 2014. Available at: http://www.advancedspecialtygases.com/Ethylene.html.		Ethylene Gas Specifications. Advanced Specialty Gases Website. Published 2014. Available at: http://www.advancedspecialtygases.com/Ethylene.html.

	Forde T. Drying of Natural Gas. Aker Solutions. Available at:http://www.ipt.ntnu.no/~jsg/undervisning/naturgass/lysark/LysarkFoerde2008.pdf. Published September 10, 2008.		Forde T. Drying of Natural Gas. Aker Solutions. Available at:http://www.ipt.ntnu.no/~jsg/undervisning/naturgass/lysark/LysarkFoerde2008.pdf. Published September 10, 2008.

	Gao GY, Wang M, Ramshaw C , Li XG, Yeung H. Optimal operation of tubular reactors for naphtha cracking by numerical simulation. Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2009; 4(6): 885-892. Available at: https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/4226/1/tubular_reactors_for_naphtha_cracking-2009.pdf		Gao GY, Wang M, Ramshaw C , Li XG, Yeung H. Optimal operation of tubular reactors for naphtha cracking by numerical simulation. Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2009; 4(6): 885-892. Available at: https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/4226/1/tubular_reactors_for_naphtha_cracking-2009.pdf

	Gas Separation Technology LLP. "Pressure Swing Adsorption." 2013. Available at: http://www.gassep.com/PSA.htm.		Gas Separation Technology LLP. "Pressure Swing Adsorption." 2013. Available at: http://www.gassep.com/PSA.htm.

	Getua M, Mahadzir S, Van Duc Long N, Lee M. Techno-economic analysis of potential natural gas liquid (NGL) recovery processes under variations of feed compositions. Chemical Engineering Research and Design. 2013; 91: 1272-1283.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2013.01.015		Getua M, Mahadzir S, Van Duc Long N, Lee M. Techno-economic analysis of potential natural gas liquid (NGL) recovery processes under variations of feed compositions. Chemical Engineering Research and Design. 2013; 91: 1272-1283.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2013.01.015

	HES Hydrogen RSS. Hydrogen Fuel Cost vs Gasoline. Available at:http://heshydrogen.com/hydrogen-fuel-cost-vs-gasoline/		HES Hydrogen RSS. Hydrogen Fuel Cost vs Gasoline. Available at:http://heshydrogen.com/hydrogen-fuel-cost-vs-gasoline/
	Index Mundi. Propane Daily Price, Feb 23, 2015. Available at: http://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=propane		Index Mundi. Propane Daily Price, Feb 23, 2015. Available at: http://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=propane

	Keller A. NGL 101 - The Basics. EIA Website. Published June 6, 2012. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/conference/ngl_virtual/eia-ngl_workshop-anne-keller.pdf.		Keller A. NGL 101 - The Basics. EIA Website. Published June 6, 2012. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/conference/ngl_virtual/eia-ngl_workshop-anne-keller.pdf.

	Khan N.A., Shaikhutdinov S., Freund H.J., “Acetylene and ethylene hydrogenation on alumina supported Pd-Ag model catalysts.” Catalysis Letters. 108, 159 (2006). Available at: http://w0.rz-berlin.mpg.de/hjfdb/pdf/442e.pdf		Khan N.A., Shaikhutdinov S., Freund H.J., “Acetylene and ethylene hydrogenation on alumina supported Pd-Ag model catalysts.” Catalysis Letters. 108, 159 (2006). Available at: http://w0.rz-berlin.mpg.de/hjfdb/pdf/442e.pdf

	Klinkenbijl, J. Dillon, M, Heymen, E. Gas Pre-treatment and their Impact on Liquefaction Processes. Published March 2, 1999. Available at:http://iptibm1.ipt.ntnu.no/~jsg/undervisning/naturgass/dokumenter/GasPreTreatment.pdf.		Klinkenbijl, J. Dillon, M, Heymen, E. Gas Pre-treatment and their Impact on Liquefaction Processes. Published March 2, 1999. Available at:http://iptibm1.ipt.ntnu.no/~jsg/undervisning/naturgass/dokumenter/GasPreTreatment.pdf.

	Lee SH. Partial catalytic hydrogenation of acetylene in ethylene production. Johor, Malaysia: KLM Technology Group, 2004. Retrieved from: http://www.klmtechgroup.com/PDF/Articles/articles/acetylene_converter.pdf		Lee SH. Partial catalytic hydrogenation of acetylene in ethylene production. Johor, Malaysia: KLM Technology Group, 2004. Retrieved from: http://www.klmtechgroup.com/PDF/Articles/articles/acetylene_converter.pdf

	National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Hydrogen Production Cost Analysis (n.d.) Available at: http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/production_cost_analysis.html		National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Hydrogen Production Cost Analysis (n.d.) Available at: http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/production_cost_analysis.html

	National Technical Institute of Athens. “Aspen HYSYS-Fluid Package Selection.” Available at: ecourses.chemeng.ntua.gr/tools/getfile.php?file=516&type=file		National Technical Institute of Athens. “Aspen HYSYS-Fluid Package Selection.” Available at: ecourses.chemeng.ntua.gr/tools/getfile.php?file=516&type=file

	Nivargi J.P., Gupta D.F., Shaikh S.J., Shah K.T., “TEG Contactor for Gas Dehydration.” Chem.Eng World, 40 (9) (2005), pp. 77–80. Available at: http://www.fenixchemtech.in/pdf/teg_contactor.pdf		Nivargi J.P., Gupta D.F., Shaikh S.J., Shah K.T., “TEG Contactor for Gas Dehydration.” Chem.Eng World, 40 (9) (2005), pp. 77–80. Available at: http://www.fenixchemtech.in/pdf/teg_contactor.pdf

	Northwestern University ChE 351 notes, Fall 2014. Prof. Harold Kung, TA M. Alexander Ardagh.		Northwestern University ChE 351 notes, Fall 2014. Prof. Harold Kung, TA M. Alexander Ardagh.

	OLI Systems, Inc. “Flowsheet Simulation Application Brief: Gas Sweetening using DEA.” Available at: http://support.olisystems.com/ApplicationBriefs/Briefs%20-%20Gas%20Sweetening%20using%20DEA.pdf		OLI Systems, Inc. “Flowsheet Simulation Application Brief: Gas Sweetening using DEA.” Available at: http://support.olisystems.com/ApplicationBriefs/Briefs%20-%20Gas%20Sweetening%20using%20DEA.pdf

	Platts Global Petrochemical Index. Platts Global Ethylene Price Index, 2014. Available at: http://www.platts.com/news-feature/2014/petrochemicals/pgpi/ethylene		Platts Global Petrochemical Index. Platts Global Ethylene Price Index, 2014. Available at: http://www.platts.com/news-feature/2014/petrochemicals/pgpi/ethylene

	Praxair. Buying Ethylene, MSDS and Spec Sheet. Available at: http://www.praxair.com/gases/buy-ethylene		Praxair. Buying Ethylene, MSDS and Spec Sheet. Available at: http://www.praxair.com/gases/buy-ethylene

	Shanbhag N.G., America H. Compressed Air Best Practices. Calculating the Water Costs of Water-Cooled Air Compressors - Part 1 (n.d.) Available at:http://www.airbestpractices.com/technology/air-compressors/calculating-water-costs-water-cooled-air-compressors-part-1		Shanbhag N.G., America H. Compressed Air Best Practices. Calculating the Water Costs of Water-Cooled Air Compressors - Part 1 (n.d.) Available at:http://www.airbestpractices.com/technology/air-compressors/calculating-water-costs-water-cooled-air-compressors-part-1

	Shell Global Solutions. Sulfinol-M. Shell Website. Published 2012. Available at:http://s02.static-shell.com/content/dam/shell/static/globalsolutions/downloads/services/sulfino-m.pdf.		Shell Global Solutions. Sulfinol-M. Shell Website. Published 2012. Available at:http://s02.static-shell.com/content/dam/shell/static/globalsolutions/downloads/services/sulfino-m.pdf.

	Sims DW. Pre-fractionating the feedstock to separate into an ethane rich stream and a propane rich stream, steam cracking each stream to form ethylene. 1999, US5990370 A. http://www.google.com/patents/US5990370		Sims DW. Pre-fractionating the feedstock to separate into an ethane rich stream and a propane rich stream, steam cracking each stream to form ethylene. 1999, US5990370 A. http://www.google.com/patents/US5990370

	Sundaram, KM, Froment, KF. “Modeling of thermal cracking kinetics—I: Thermal cracking of ethane, propane and their mixtures.” Chemical Engineering Science. 1997; 32 (6): 601-608. doi:10.1016/0009-2509(77)80225-X.		Sundaram, KM, Froment, KF. “Modeling of thermal cracking kinetics—I: Thermal cracking of ethane, propane and their mixtures.” Chemical Engineering Science. 1997; 32 (6): 601-608. doi:10.1016/0009-2509(77)80225-X.

	Towler G, Sinnott R. Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design. 2nd ed. Boston: Elsevier; 2013.		Towler G, Sinnott R. Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design. 2nd ed. Boston: Elsevier; 2013.

	Transform Software and Services. “A Comparative Study of North America's Largest Shale Gas Reservoirs.” Available at: https://www2.transformsw.com/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=82		Transform Software and Services. “A Comparative Study of North America's Largest Shale Gas Reservoirs.” Available at: https://www2.transformsw.com/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=82

	U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Natural Gas Futures Prices (NYMEX), Feb. 25 2012. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_fut_s1_m.htm		U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Natural Gas Futures Prices (NYMEX), Feb. 25 2012. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_fut_s1_m.htm

	U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Natural Gas Weekly Update, Feb 26, 2015. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/weekly/		U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Natural Gas Weekly Update, Feb 26, 2015. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/weekly/

	Woebcke, HN. Process for pyrolysis of hydrocarbons. 1993, US5271827 A. Available at: https://courses.northwestern.edu/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_tab_group_id=_2_1&url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_429745_1%26url%3D		Woebcke, HN. Process for pyrolysis of hydrocarbons. 1993, US5271827 A. Available at: https://courses.northwestern.edu/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_tab_group_id=_2_1&url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_429745_1%26url%3D

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	=References=		=References=

	#Alibaba. Diethylamine Price (n.d.). Available at: http://www.alibaba.com/showroom/diethylamine-price.html		Alibaba. Diethylamine Price (n.d.). Available at: http://www.alibaba.com/showroom/diethylamine-price.html
	#Alkhudhiri A, Darwish N, Hilal N. "Membrane Distillation: A Comprehensive Review." Desalination. 2012; 287: 2-18.		Alkhudhiri A, Darwish N, Hilal N. "Membrane Distillation: A Comprehensive Review." Desalination. 2012; 287: 2-18.
	#American Petroleum Institute. “VOC Content Threshold for Reduced Emissions Completions.” Published March 2, 2011. Available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/oira_2060/2060_03222012-2.pdf.		American Petroleum Institute. “VOC Content Threshold for Reduced Emissions Completions.” Published March 2, 2011. Available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/oira_2060/2060_03222012-2.pdf.
	#American Petroleum Institute. VOC Content Threshold for Reduced Emissions Completions. Published March 2, 2011. Available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/oira_2060/2060_03222012-2.pdf.		American Petroleum Institute. VOC Content Threshold for Reduced Emissions Completions. Published March 2, 2011. Available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/oira_2060/2060_03222012-2.pdf.
	#Dow. “Gas Sweetinging”. Published 1998. Available at: http://msdssearch.dow.com/PublishedLiteratureDOWCOM/dh_0039/0901b803800391f8.pdf?filepath=gastreating/pdfs/noreg/170-01395.pdf&fromPage=GetDoc.		Dow. “Gas Sweetinging”. Published 1998. Available at: http://msdssearch.dow.com/PublishedLiteratureDOWCOM/dh_0039/0901b803800391f8.pdf?filepath=gastreating/pdfs/noreg/170-01395.pdf&fromPage=GetDoc.
	#Ethylene Gas Specifications. Advanced Specialty Gases Website. Published 2014. Available at: http://www.advancedspecialtygases.com/Ethylene.html.		Ethylene Gas Specifications. Advanced Specialty Gases Website. Published 2014. Available at: http://www.advancedspecialtygases.com/Ethylene.html.
	#Forde T. Drying of Natural Gas. Aker Solutions. Available at:http://www.ipt.ntnu.no/~jsg/undervisning/naturgass/lysark/LysarkFoerde2008.pdf. Published September 10, 2008.		Forde T. Drying of Natural Gas. Aker Solutions. Available at:http://www.ipt.ntnu.no/~jsg/undervisning/naturgass/lysark/LysarkFoerde2008.pdf. Published September 10, 2008.
	#Gao GY, Wang M, Ramshaw C , Li XG, Yeung H. Optimal operation of tubular reactors for naphtha cracking by numerical simulation. Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2009; 4(6): 885-892. Available at: https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/4226/1/tubular_reactors_for_naphtha_cracking-2009.pdf		Gao GY, Wang M, Ramshaw C , Li XG, Yeung H. Optimal operation of tubular reactors for naphtha cracking by numerical simulation. Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2009; 4(6): 885-892. Available at: https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/4226/1/tubular_reactors_for_naphtha_cracking-2009.pdf
	#Gas Separation Technology LLP. "Pressure Swing Adsorption." 2013. Available at: http://www.gassep.com/PSA.htm.		Gas Separation Technology LLP. "Pressure Swing Adsorption." 2013. Available at: http://www.gassep.com/PSA.htm.
	#Getua M, Mahadzir S, Van Duc Long N, Lee M. Techno-economic analysis of potential natural gas liquid (NGL) recovery processes under variations of feed compositions. Chemical Engineering Research and Design. 2013; 91: 1272-1283.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2013.01.015		Getua M, Mahadzir S, Van Duc Long N, Lee M. Techno-economic analysis of potential natural gas liquid (NGL) recovery processes under variations of feed compositions. Chemical Engineering Research and Design. 2013; 91: 1272-1283.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2013.01.015
	#HES Hydrogen RSS. Hydrogen Fuel Cost vs Gasoline. Available at:http://heshydrogen.com/hydrogen-fuel-cost-vs-gasoline/		HES Hydrogen RSS. Hydrogen Fuel Cost vs Gasoline. Available at:http://heshydrogen.com/hydrogen-fuel-cost-vs-gasoline/
	#Index Mundi. Propane Daily Price, Feb 23, 2015. Available at: http://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=propane		Index Mundi. Propane Daily Price, Feb 23, 2015. Available at: http://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=propane
	#Keller A. NGL 101 - The Basics. EIA Website. Published June 6, 2012. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/conference/ngl_virtual/eia-ngl_workshop-anne-keller.pdf.		Keller A. NGL 101 - The Basics. EIA Website. Published June 6, 2012. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/conference/ngl_virtual/eia-ngl_workshop-anne-keller.pdf.
	#Khan N.A., Shaikhutdinov S., Freund H.J., “Acetylene and ethylene hydrogenation on alumina supported Pd-Ag model catalysts.” Catalysis Letters. 108, 159 (2006). Available at: http://w0.rz-berlin.mpg.de/hjfdb/pdf/442e.pdf		Khan N.A., Shaikhutdinov S., Freund H.J., “Acetylene and ethylene hydrogenation on alumina supported Pd-Ag model catalysts.” Catalysis Letters. 108, 159 (2006). Available at: http://w0.rz-berlin.mpg.de/hjfdb/pdf/442e.pdf
	#Klinkenbijl, J. Dillon, M, Heymen, E. Gas Pre-treatment and their Impact on Liquefaction Processes. Published March 2, 1999. Available at:http://iptibm1.ipt.ntnu.no/~jsg/undervisning/naturgass/dokumenter/GasPreTreatment.pdf.		Klinkenbijl, J. Dillon, M, Heymen, E. Gas Pre-treatment and their Impact on Liquefaction Processes. Published March 2, 1999. Available at:http://iptibm1.ipt.ntnu.no/~jsg/undervisning/naturgass/dokumenter/GasPreTreatment.pdf.
	#Lee SH. Partial catalytic hydrogenation of acetylene in ethylene production. Johor, Malaysia: KLM Technology Group, 2004. Retrieved from: http://www.klmtechgroup.com/PDF/Articles/articles/acetylene_converter.pdf		Lee SH. Partial catalytic hydrogenation of acetylene in ethylene production. Johor, Malaysia: KLM Technology Group, 2004. Retrieved from: http://www.klmtechgroup.com/PDF/Articles/articles/acetylene_converter.pdf
	#National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Hydrogen Production Cost Analysis (n.d.) Available at: http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/production_cost_analysis.html		National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Hydrogen Production Cost Analysis (n.d.) Available at: http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/production_cost_analysis.html
	#National Technical Institute of Athens. “Aspen HYSYS-Fluid Package Selection.” Available at: ecourses.chemeng.ntua.gr/tools/getfile.php?file=516&type=file		National Technical Institute of Athens. “Aspen HYSYS-Fluid Package Selection.” Available at: ecourses.chemeng.ntua.gr/tools/getfile.php?file=516&type=file
	#Nivargi J.P., Gupta D.F., Shaikh S.J., Shah K.T., “TEG Contactor for Gas Dehydration.” Chem.Eng World, 40 (9) (2005), pp. 77–80. Available at: http://www.fenixchemtech.in/pdf/teg_contactor.pdf		Nivargi J.P., Gupta D.F., Shaikh S.J., Shah K.T., “TEG Contactor for Gas Dehydration.” Chem.Eng World, 40 (9) (2005), pp. 77–80. Available at: http://www.fenixchemtech.in/pdf/teg_contactor.pdf
	#Northwestern University ChE 351 notes, Fall 2014. Prof. Harold Kung, TA M. Alexander Ardagh.		Northwestern University ChE 351 notes, Fall 2014. Prof. Harold Kung, TA M. Alexander Ardagh.
	#OLI Systems, Inc. “Flowsheet Simulation Application Brief: Gas Sweetening using DEA.” Available at: http://support.olisystems.com/ApplicationBriefs/Briefs%20-%20Gas%20Sweetening%20using%20DEA.pdf		OLI Systems, Inc. “Flowsheet Simulation Application Brief: Gas Sweetening using DEA.” Available at: http://support.olisystems.com/ApplicationBriefs/Briefs%20-%20Gas%20Sweetening%20using%20DEA.pdf
	#Platts Global Petrochemical Index. Platts Global Ethylene Price Index, 2014. Available at: http://www.platts.com/news-feature/2014/petrochemicals/pgpi/ethylene		Platts Global Petrochemical Index. Platts Global Ethylene Price Index, 2014. Available at: http://www.platts.com/news-feature/2014/petrochemicals/pgpi/ethylene
	#Praxair. Buying Ethylene, MSDS and Spec Sheet. Available at: http://www.praxair.com/gases/buy-ethylene		Praxair. Buying Ethylene, MSDS and Spec Sheet. Available at: http://www.praxair.com/gases/buy-ethylene
	#Shanbhag N.G., America H. Compressed Air Best Practices. Calculating the Water Costs of Water-Cooled Air Compressors - Part 1 (n.d.) Available at:http://www.airbestpractices.com/technology/air-compressors/calculating-water-costs-water-cooled-air-compressors-part-1		Shanbhag N.G., America H. Compressed Air Best Practices. Calculating the Water Costs of Water-Cooled Air Compressors - Part 1 (n.d.) Available at:http://www.airbestpractices.com/technology/air-compressors/calculating-water-costs-water-cooled-air-compressors-part-1
	#Shell Global Solutions. Sulfinol-M. Shell Website. Published 2012. Available at:http://s02.static-shell.com/content/dam/shell/static/globalsolutions/downloads/services/sulfino-m.pdf.		Shell Global Solutions. Sulfinol-M. Shell Website. Published 2012. Available at:http://s02.static-shell.com/content/dam/shell/static/globalsolutions/downloads/services/sulfino-m.pdf.
	#Sims DW. Pre-fractionating the feedstock to separate into an ethane rich stream and a propane rich stream, steam cracking each stream to form ethylene. 1999, US5990370 A. http://www.google.com/patents/US5990370		Sims DW. Pre-fractionating the feedstock to separate into an ethane rich stream and a propane rich stream, steam cracking each stream to form ethylene. 1999, US5990370 A. http://www.google.com/patents/US5990370
	#Sundaram, KM, Froment, KF. “Modeling of thermal cracking kinetics—I: Thermal cracking of ethane, propane and their mixtures.” Chemical Engineering Science. 1997; 32 (6): 601-608. doi:10.1016/0009-2509(77)80225-X.		Sundaram, KM, Froment, KF. “Modeling of thermal cracking kinetics—I: Thermal cracking of ethane, propane and their mixtures.” Chemical Engineering Science. 1997; 32 (6): 601-608. doi:10.1016/0009-2509(77)80225-X.
	#Towler G, Sinnott R. Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design. 2nd ed. Boston: Elsevier; 2013.		Towler G, Sinnott R. Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design. 2nd ed. Boston: Elsevier; 2013.
	#Transform Software and Services. “A Comparative Study of North America's Largest Shale Gas Reservoirs.” Available at: https://www2.transformsw.com/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=82		Transform Software and Services. “A Comparative Study of North America's Largest Shale Gas Reservoirs.” Available at: https://www2.transformsw.com/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=82
	#U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Natural Gas Futures Prices (NYMEX), Feb. 25 2012. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_fut_s1_m.htm		U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Natural Gas Futures Prices (NYMEX), Feb. 25 2012. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_fut_s1_m.htm
	#U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Natural Gas Weekly Update, Feb 26, 2015. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/weekly/		U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Natural Gas Weekly Update, Feb 26, 2015. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/weekly/
	#Woebcke, HN. Process for pyrolysis of hydrocarbons. 1993, US5271827 A. Available at: https://courses.northwestern.edu/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_tab_group_id=_2_1&url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_429745_1%26url%3D		Woebcke, HN. Process for pyrolysis of hydrocarbons. 1993, US5271827 A. Available at: https://courses.northwestern.edu/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_tab_group_id=_2_1&url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_429745_1%26url%3D

	=Appendices=		=Appendices=

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:01, 14 March 2015
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	#Alibaba. Diethylamine Price (n.d.). Available at: http://www.alibaba.com/showroom/diethylamine-price.html		#Alibaba. Diethylamine Price (n.d.). Available at: http://www.alibaba.com/showroom/diethylamine-price.html

	#Alkhudhiri A, Darwish N, Hilal N. "Membrane Distillation: A Comprehensive Review." Desalination. 2012; 287: 2-18.		#Alkhudhiri A, Darwish N, Hilal N. "Membrane Distillation: A Comprehensive Review." Desalination. 2012; 287: 2-18.

	#American Petroleum Institute. “VOC Content Threshold for Reduced Emissions Completions.” Published March 2, 2011. Available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/oira_2060/2060_03222012-2.pdf.		#American Petroleum Institute. “VOC Content Threshold for Reduced Emissions Completions.” Published March 2, 2011. Available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/oira_2060/2060_03222012-2.pdf.

	#American Petroleum Institute. VOC Content Threshold for Reduced Emissions Completions. Published March 2, 2011. Available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/oira_2060/2060_03222012-2.pdf.		#American Petroleum Institute. VOC Content Threshold for Reduced Emissions Completions. Published March 2, 2011. Available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/oira_2060/2060_03222012-2.pdf.

	#Dow. “Gas Sweetinging”. Published 1998. Available at: http://msdssearch.dow.com/PublishedLiteratureDOWCOM/dh_0039/0901b803800391f8.pdf?filepath=gastreating/pdfs/noreg/170-01395.pdf&fromPage=GetDoc.		#Dow. “Gas Sweetinging”. Published 1998. Available at: http://msdssearch.dow.com/PublishedLiteratureDOWCOM/dh_0039/0901b803800391f8.pdf?filepath=gastreating/pdfs/noreg/170-01395.pdf&fromPage=GetDoc.

	#Ethylene Gas Specifications. Advanced Specialty Gases Website. Published 2014. Available at: http://www.advancedspecialtygases.com/Ethylene.html.		#Ethylene Gas Specifications. Advanced Specialty Gases Website. Published 2014. Available at: http://www.advancedspecialtygases.com/Ethylene.html.

	#Forde T. Drying of Natural Gas. Aker Solutions. Available at:http://www.ipt.ntnu.no/~jsg/undervisning/naturgass/lysark/LysarkFoerde2008.pdf. Published September 10, 2008.		#Forde T. Drying of Natural Gas. Aker Solutions. Available at:http://www.ipt.ntnu.no/~jsg/undervisning/naturgass/lysark/LysarkFoerde2008.pdf. Published September 10, 2008.

	#Gao GY, Wang M, Ramshaw C , Li XG, Yeung H. Optimal operation of tubular reactors for naphtha cracking by numerical simulation. Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2009; 4(6): 885-892. Available at: https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/4226/1/tubular_reactors_for_naphtha_cracking-2009.pdf		#Gao GY, Wang M, Ramshaw C , Li XG, Yeung H. Optimal operation of tubular reactors for naphtha cracking by numerical simulation. Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2009; 4(6): 885-892. Available at: https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/4226/1/tubular_reactors_for_naphtha_cracking-2009.pdf

	#Gas Separation Technology LLP. "Pressure Swing Adsorption." 2013. Available at: http://www.gassep.com/PSA.htm.		#Gas Separation Technology LLP. "Pressure Swing Adsorption." 2013. Available at: http://www.gassep.com/PSA.htm.

	#Getua M, Mahadzir S, Van Duc Long N, Lee M. Techno-economic analysis of potential natural gas liquid (NGL) recovery processes under variations of feed compositions. Chemical Engineering Research and Design. 2013; 91: 1272-1283.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2013.01.015		#Getua M, Mahadzir S, Van Duc Long N, Lee M. Techno-economic analysis of potential natural gas liquid (NGL) recovery processes under variations of feed compositions. Chemical Engineering Research and Design. 2013; 91: 1272-1283.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2013.01.015

	#HES Hydrogen RSS. Hydrogen Fuel Cost vs Gasoline. Available at:http://heshydrogen.com/hydrogen-fuel-cost-vs-gasoline/		#HES Hydrogen RSS. Hydrogen Fuel Cost vs Gasoline. Available at:http://heshydrogen.com/hydrogen-fuel-cost-vs-gasoline/

	#Index Mundi. Propane Daily Price, Feb 23, 2015. Available at: http://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=propane		#Index Mundi. Propane Daily Price, Feb 23, 2015. Available at: http://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=propane
	Keller A. NGL 101 - The Basics. EIA Website. Published June 6, 2012. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/conference/ngl_virtual/eia-ngl_workshop-anne-keller.pdf.		Keller A. NGL 101 - The Basics. EIA Website. Published June 6, 2012. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/conference/ngl_virtual/eia-ngl_workshop-anne-keller.pdf.

	#Khan N.A., Shaikhutdinov S., Freund H.J., “Acetylene and ethylene hydrogenation on alumina supported Pd-Ag model catalysts.” Catalysis Letters. 108, 159 (2006). Available at: http://w0.rz-berlin.mpg.de/hjfdb/pdf/442e.pdf		#Khan N.A., Shaikhutdinov S., Freund H.J., “Acetylene and ethylene hydrogenation on alumina supported Pd-Ag model catalysts.” Catalysis Letters. 108, 159 (2006). Available at: http://w0.rz-berlin.mpg.de/hjfdb/pdf/442e.pdf

	#Klinkenbijl, J. Dillon, M, Heymen, E. Gas Pre-treatment and their Impact on Liquefaction Processes. Published March 2, 1999. Available at:http://iptibm1.ipt.ntnu.no/~jsg/undervisning/naturgass/dokumenter/GasPreTreatment.pdf.		#Klinkenbijl, J. Dillon, M, Heymen, E. Gas Pre-treatment and their Impact on Liquefaction Processes. Published March 2, 1999. Available at:http://iptibm1.ipt.ntnu.no/~jsg/undervisning/naturgass/dokumenter/GasPreTreatment.pdf.
	#Lee SH. Partial catalytic hydrogenation of acetylene in ethylene production. Johor, Malaysia: KLM Technology Group, 2004. Retrieved from: http://www.klmtechgroup.com/PDF/Articles/articles/acetylene_converter.pdf		#Lee SH. Partial catalytic hydrogenation of acetylene in ethylene production. Johor, Malaysia: KLM Technology Group, 2004. Retrieved from: http://www.klmtechgroup.com/PDF/Articles/articles/acetylene_converter.pdf
	#National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Hydrogen Production Cost Analysis (n.d.) Available at: http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/production_cost_analysis.html		#National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Hydrogen Production Cost Analysis (n.d.) Available at: http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/production_cost_analysis.html

	#National Technical Institute of Athens. “Aspen HYSYS-Fluid Package Selection.” Available at: ecourses.chemeng.ntua.gr/tools/getfile.php?file=516&type=file		#National Technical Institute of Athens. “Aspen HYSYS-Fluid Package Selection.” Available at: ecourses.chemeng.ntua.gr/tools/getfile.php?file=516&type=file

	#Nivargi J.P., Gupta D.F., Shaikh S.J., Shah K.T., “TEG Contactor for Gas Dehydration.” Chem.Eng World, 40 (9) (2005), pp. 77–80. Available at: http://www.fenixchemtech.in/pdf/teg_contactor.pdf		#Nivargi J.P., Gupta D.F., Shaikh S.J., Shah K.T., “TEG Contactor for Gas Dehydration.” Chem.Eng World, 40 (9) (2005), pp. 77–80. Available at: http://www.fenixchemtech.in/pdf/teg_contactor.pdf

	#Northwestern University ChE 351 notes, Fall 2014. Prof. Harold Kung, TA M. Alexander Ardagh.		#Northwestern University ChE 351 notes, Fall 2014. Prof. Harold Kung, TA M. Alexander Ardagh.

	#OLI Systems, Inc. “Flowsheet Simulation Application Brief: Gas Sweetening using DEA.” Available at: http://support.olisystems.com/ApplicationBriefs/Briefs%20-%20Gas%20Sweetening%20using%20DEA.pdf		#OLI Systems, Inc. “Flowsheet Simulation Application Brief: Gas Sweetening using DEA.” Available at: http://support.olisystems.com/ApplicationBriefs/Briefs%20-%20Gas%20Sweetening%20using%20DEA.pdf

	#Platts Global Petrochemical Index. Platts Global Ethylene Price Index, 2014. Available at: http://www.platts.com/news-feature/2014/petrochemicals/pgpi/ethylene		#Platts Global Petrochemical Index. Platts Global Ethylene Price Index, 2014. Available at: http://www.platts.com/news-feature/2014/petrochemicals/pgpi/ethylene

	#Praxair. Buying Ethylene, MSDS and Spec Sheet. Available at: http://www.praxair.com/gases/buy-ethylene		#Praxair. Buying Ethylene, MSDS and Spec Sheet. Available at: http://www.praxair.com/gases/buy-ethylene
	Shanbhag N.G., America H. Compressed Air Best Practices. Calculating the Water Costs of Water-Cooled Air Compressors - Part 1 (n.d.) Available at:http://www.airbestpractices.com/technology/air-compressors/calculating-water-costs-water-cooled-air-compressors-part-1		#Shanbhag N.G., America H. Compressed Air Best Practices. Calculating the Water Costs of Water-Cooled Air Compressors - Part 1 (n.d.) Available at:http://www.airbestpractices.com/technology/air-compressors/calculating-water-costs-water-cooled-air-compressors-part-1

	#Shell Global Solutions. Sulfinol-M. Shell Website. Published 2012. Available at:http://s02.static-shell.com/content/dam/shell/static/globalsolutions/downloads/services/sulfino-m.pdf.		#Shell Global Solutions. Sulfinol-M. Shell Website. Published 2012. Available at:http://s02.static-shell.com/content/dam/shell/static/globalsolutions/downloads/services/sulfino-m.pdf.

	#Sims DW. Pre-fractionating the feedstock to separate into an ethane rich stream and a propane rich stream, steam cracking each stream to form ethylene. 1999, US5990370 A. http://www.google.com/patents/US5990370		#Sims DW. Pre-fractionating the feedstock to separate into an ethane rich stream and a propane rich stream, steam cracking each stream to form ethylene. 1999, US5990370 A. http://www.google.com/patents/US5990370
	Sundaram, KM, Froment, KF. “Modeling of thermal cracking kinetics—I: Thermal cracking of ethane, propane and their mixtures.” Chemical Engineering Science. 1997; 32 (6): 601-608. doi:10.1016/0009-2509(77)80225-X.		Sundaram, KM, Froment, KF. “Modeling of thermal cracking kinetics—I: Thermal cracking of ethane, propane and their mixtures.” Chemical Engineering Science. 1997; 32 (6): 601-608. doi:10.1016/0009-2509(77)80225-X.

	#Towler G, Sinnott R. Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design. 2nd ed. Boston: Elsevier; 2013.		#Towler G, Sinnott R. Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design. 2nd ed. Boston: Elsevier; 2013.

	#Transform Software and Services. “A Comparative Study of North America's Largest Shale Gas Reservoirs.” Available at: https://www2.transformsw.com/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=82		#Transform Software and Services. “A Comparative Study of North America's Largest Shale Gas Reservoirs.” Available at: https://www2.transformsw.com/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=82

	#U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Natural Gas Futures Prices (NYMEX), Feb. 25 2012. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_fut_s1_m.htm		#U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Natural Gas Futures Prices (NYMEX), Feb. 25 2012. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_fut_s1_m.htm

	#U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Natural Gas Weekly Update, Feb 26, 2015. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/weekly/		#U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Natural Gas Weekly Update, Feb 26, 2015. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/weekly/

	#Woebcke, HN. Process for pyrolysis of hydrocarbons. 1993, US5271827 A. Available at: https://courses.northwestern.edu/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_tab_group_id=_2_1&url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_429745_1%26url%3D		#Woebcke, HN. Process for pyrolysis of hydrocarbons. 1993, US5271827 A. Available at: https://courses.northwestern.edu/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_tab_group_id=_2_1&url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_429745_1%26url%3D