Site condition and design: Difference between revisions
| Line 67: | Line 67: | ||
== Site design == | == Site design == | ||
Once a region is selected, the building and process equipment themselves must be laid out. | Once a region is selected, the building and process equipment themselves must be laid out. The first step is to prepare the land for construction; this process can involve highly varying degrees of landscaping. Possible remediation that may be required includes drainage of wetlands, deforestation, removal of natural obstacles, and grading to a more favorable topography. Additionally, sidewalks, fences, roads, are built both to assist with construction of the chemical plant and for use during the operation of the plant; these costs can vary from 10 to 20 percent of the purchased equipment cost, or 2 to 10 percent of the total capital investment. (CITATION: Reference 5, page 246) | ||
Once the land on site is suitable for chemical plant construction, the construction proceeds. Often the actual construction of the buildings on site and process equipment are contracted to specialist contractors; these teams require civil engineers; the construction schedule will vary considerably from process to process. | |||
The physical layout of the finished chemical plant is very process and site dependent; the layout is done to provide the most economical flow of materials and personnel around the site while maintaining safety standards. Hazardous materials and processes should be placed a safe distance from other processes whenever possible. (CITATION: 1 page 508) | |||
In addition to process equipment, the following buildings and ancillary equipment are included on site: | |||
=== Footprint === | === Footprint === | ||
Revision as of 20:27, 18 January 2014
Title: Site condition and design
Authors: Alex Chandel, Eric Jiang, Minwook Kim, Todor Kukushliev, William Lassman
Stewards: Alex Chandel, Eric Jiang, Minwook Kim, Todor Kukushliev, William Lassman
Date Revised: 1/17/2014
Introduction
All chemical processes require land for chemical storage, process equipment, and labor facilities.
Geographical selection
The location surrounding a chemical plant can substantially influence its construction costs and operating costs, and may affect long-term profitability. Thus it is important to choose an appropriate location for every facility.
Factors considered
Natural resources
Proximity to continental and underwater oil deposits, natural gas, coal mines, and other resources.
Weather
Its influence on ambient temperature and thus on utility cost.[ citation needed ] Also rain and humidity, and the sensitivity of the process to water exposure.
Oil rigs are found in the gulf, and oil refineries on its shore. Biofuel production plants are found in the midwest.[ citation needed ]
Laws and regulations
Some states are more friendly to chemical engineering operations, or may impose additional regulations. Property costs, property taxes, corporate income taxes, and environmental contamination fines will vary between states.
Waste Minimization and Management
Waste Minimization
Production of waste is arises naturally in any plant and require a noticeable amount of resources to take care of. Before even considering methods of managing ways, cost can significantly be reduced by efficient management by source reduction. Below are some source reduction strategies which can be employed:
1. Purification of feeds.
2. Protect catalysis and adsorbents.
3. Eliminate use of extraneous materials.
4. Increase recovery from separations.
5. Improve fuel quality.
Headline text
Waste Management
Cost
All of the above criteria ultimately influence the capital and operating costs of a plant, and its expected lifespan.
Local wages, prices of chemical feedstock, shipping costs, and utilities all contribute to total operating costs.
Property prices, rental fees, taxes, and existing company property in the area contribute to recurring investment costs.
Common locations
There are many common locations for chemical processes, often specific to one or more industries.
The Gulf of Mexico
Texas - petrochemical refineries
Louisiana
Alaska
(China)
(Arabian peninsula)
etc
Site design
Once a region is selected, the building and process equipment themselves must be laid out. The first step is to prepare the land for construction; this process can involve highly varying degrees of landscaping. Possible remediation that may be required includes drainage of wetlands, deforestation, removal of natural obstacles, and grading to a more favorable topography. Additionally, sidewalks, fences, roads, are built both to assist with construction of the chemical plant and for use during the operation of the plant; these costs can vary from 10 to 20 percent of the purchased equipment cost, or 2 to 10 percent of the total capital investment. (CITATION: Reference 5, page 246)
Once the land on site is suitable for chemical plant construction, the construction proceeds. Often the actual construction of the buildings on site and process equipment are contracted to specialist contractors; these teams require civil engineers; the construction schedule will vary considerably from process to process.
The physical layout of the finished chemical plant is very process and site dependent; the layout is done to provide the most economical flow of materials and personnel around the site while maintaining safety standards. Hazardous materials and processes should be placed a safe distance from other processes whenever possible. (CITATION: 1 page 508)
In addition to process equipment, the following buildings and ancillary equipment are included on site:
Footprint
Areas with greater land costs require vertically oriented equipment.[ citation needed ]
References
- Gavin Towler and Ray Sinnott, Chapter 11 - General Site Considerations, In Chemical Engineering Design (Second Edition), edited by Gavin Towler and Ray Sinnott, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 2013, Pages 505-524, ISBN 9780080966595, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-096659-5.00011-0.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080966595000110)
External links
- (Relevant wikipedia article)