Ethanol to Ethylene (B1)

References

[A] DuPont Nevada Site Cellulosic Ethanol Facility [Internet]. DuPont Chemical; c2012-2015 [cited 11 Mar. 2015]. Available from: http://biofuels.dupont.com/cellulosic-ethanol/nevada-site-ce-facility/. -- Information on ethanol production in Iowa.

[B] Towler G, Sinnott R. Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design. 2nd ed. Boston: Elsevier; 2013. -- General Reference Book

[C] Zhang M, Yu Y. Dehydration of Ethanol to Ethylene. Industrial Engineering and Chemical Research. 2013; 52:9505-9514. – Technical information on ethanol to ethylene conversion via dehydration.

[D] Composition of Air [Internet]. Engineering Toolbox; [cited 13 Mar. 2015]. Available from: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/air-composition-d_212.html. -- Composition of air.

[E] Hadawey A, Ge Y, Tassou TSA. Energy Savings Through Liquid Pressure Amplification In A Dairy Plant Refrigeration System. The Centre for Energy and Built Environment Research [cited 13 Mar. 2015].

[F] 190 Proof Ethanol: Technical Data Sheet [Internet]. Decon Labs Inc; 2012 [cited 13 Mar. 2015]. Available from: http://www.deconlabs.com/tds/ETHANOL%20190%20%20PROOF.pdf -- Information regarding 95% ethanol

[G] Suppes GJ. Selecting Thermodynamic Models for Process Simulation of Organic VLE and LLE Systems. The University of Missouri-Columbia, Dept of Chemical Engineering. [cited 13 Mar. 2015]. -- Use of NRTL in alcohol separations.

[H] Methane (Chemical Compound). 2015. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. [cited 13 Mar. 2015] Available from: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/378264/methane -- Composition of Methane

[I] Summary of the Clean Air Act, 2015. United States Environmental Protection Agency. [cited 13 Mar. 2015] Available from: http://www2.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-clean-air-act -- Emissions requirements of chemical plants.

[J] Tsao U, Zasloff HB, inventors; The Lummus Company, assignee. Production of ethylene from ethanol. US patent 4,134,926. January 16, 1979. – Patent for catalytic dehydration of ethylene in a fluidized bed reactor.

[K] Morschbacker, A. Bio-Ethanol Based Ethylene. Polymer Reviews. 2009; 49:79-84. – Overview of bioethanol dehydration process development.

[L] Fan D, Dai DJ, Wu HS. Ethylene Formation by Catalytic Dehydration of Ethanol with Industrial Considerations. Materials. 6, 101-115. doi: 10.3390/ma6010101. - Comparison of types of catalysts used in the dehydration of ethanol and current research into new catalysts.

[M] Chen G, Li S, Jiao F, Yuan Q. Catalytic dehydration of bioethanol to ethylene over TiO2/γ-Al2O3 catalysts in microchannel reactors. Catal. Today 2007, 125, 111–119. - Paper introducing research on modified alumina catalyst for ethanol dehydration.

[N] Barrocas H, Baratelli F, inventors; Petroleo Brasileiro S.A., assignee. Process for dehydration of a low molecular weight alcohol. US patent 4,396,789 A. August 2, 1983. - Primary background for process design.

[O] Jumonville, J. Tutorial on Cryogenic Turboexpanders. Proceedings of the Thirty-Ninth Turbomachinery Symposium; 2010 Oct 4-7; Houston, TX. Houston: Texas A&M University; 2010. -- Use of turboexpander for cryogenic separations

[P] Zhang M, Yu Y. Dehydration of Ethanol to Ethylene. Industrial Engineering and Chemical Research. 2013; 52:9505-9514. – Technical information on ethanol to ethylene conversion via dehydration.

[Q] American Chemistry Council. Production of chemicals and plastics in the U.S. in 2013, by type (in 1,000 metric tons). In Statista - The Statistics Portal. August 2014. Available at http://www.statista.com/statistics/299725/total-us-plastics-and-chemicals-shipments-by-type/, Accessed January 15, 2015. – Relative proportions of plastics production.

[R] Today in Energy - Daily Prices. US Energy Information Administration website. http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/prices.cfm. Accessed March 3rd 2015. - Bulk market price for 95% ethanol.

[S] Weddle, N. ICIS Pricing: Ethylene (Europe). Reed Business Limited. January 10 2014. - Bulk market price for chemical grade ethylene.

[T] ASPENtech. Appendix A - Property Methods and Calculations. Simulation Basics; A-3 - A-26. 2014.

[U] AspenTech. Aspen HYSYS Help File v8.0. Aspen Technology, Inc. 2012. - Aspen HYSYS help file used for troubleshooting and assistance on economic analysis.

[V] Designing Ethylene Plants. Ethylene [Internet]. Technip; 2014 [cited 13 Mar. 2015]. Available from: http://www.technip.com/en/our-business/onshore/ethylene -- Plant size ranges.

Appendix I - Process Flow Diagram

Appendix II - HYSYS Simulation

Appendix III - Material Streams

Appendix V - Economics